Fig. 1. Synthesis of the imidazolium-based zwitterionic polymers and their chemical characterization using FTIR.

(A) Scheme of the substrate-independent and conformal iCVD deposition. (B) Deposition conditions used in this report and the film compositions that resulted from those conditions. sccm, standard cubic centimeter per minute. (C) FTIR spectra of homopolymer of PVI; copolymers with the VI contents of ~55, ~26, and ~ 17%; and homopolymer of PDVB. The dashed rectangle indicates the characteristic peak of the methyl group in PDVB, and the dotted rectangle indicates the characteristic peaks of the C–N bond in the imidazole ring in PVI. (D) Derivatization reaction, where copolymer films were treated with 1,3-propanesultone for 24 hours. (E) FTIR spectra of copolymers treated with a vapor of 1,3-propanesultone at 40°, 60°, and 100°C, respectively. The dashed rectangles indicate the characteristic peaks of the SO₃⁻ symmetric vibration and the O=S=O asymmetric vibration. a.u., arbitrary units.