Fig. 5. Demonstration of the substrate-independent nature of the synthesis approach.

(A) Optical images and elemental mapping obtained using SEM-EDX of pristine and coated 96-well plates, representing curved substrates. (B) Optical images, SEM images, and SEM-EDX elemental mapping of pristine and coated glass fiber filter with micrometer-level 3D structures. (C) Optical images, SEM images, and SEM-EDX elemental mapping of pristine and coated polycarbonate membrane filters with 800-nm pores.