Table 2.
Characteristics of Participants According to A1C
| Characteristics | A1C | p value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <7 (n = 371) | 7 ≤ Value <9 (n = 405) | ≥9 (n = 87) | |||||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||
| Age | 73.0 | (68.0–78.0) | 71.0 | (67.0–77.0) | 72.0 | (69.0–79.0) | 0.068 |
| Gender, n(%) | 0.107 | ||||||
| Female | 177 | (47.7%) | 224 | (55.3%) | 45 | (51.7%) | |
| Male | 194 | (52.3%) | 181 | (44.7%) | 42 | (48.3%) | |
| Educational level, n(%) | 0.540 | ||||||
| Illiterate | 54 | (14.6%) | 52 | (12.8%) | 9 | (10.5%) | |
| Literate | 315 | (85.4%) | 353 | (87.2%) | 77 | (89.5%) | |
| Geriatric characteristics | |||||||
| Polypharmacy, n(%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 188 | (50.7%) | 142 | (35.1%) | 21 | (24.1%) | |
| Yes | 183 | (49.3%) | 263 | (64.9%) | 66 | (75.9%) | |
| Mini-mental state examination | 27.0 | (24.0–29.0) | 27.0 | (24.0–29.0) | 26.0 | (22.0–28.0) | 0.027 |
| 5-item Geriatric Depression Scale | 0 | (0–1.0) | 0 | (0–1.0) | 0 | (0–1.0) | 0.679 |
| Barthel index | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | 0.014 |
| Lawton scale | 7.0 | (6.0–8.0) | 7.0 | (6.0–8.0) | 7.0 | (6.0–8.0) | 0.161 |
| Diabetes characteristics | |||||||
| Duration (years) | 11.0 | (6.0–16.0) | 15.0 | (9.0–21.0) | 16.0 | (11.0–22.0) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n(%) | 0.214 | ||||||
| No | 129 | (34.8%) | 140 | (34.6%) | 22 | (25.3%) | |
| Yes | 242 | (65.2%) | 265 | (65.4%) | 65 | (74.7%) | |
| Neuropathy, n(%) | 0.028 | ||||||
| No | 346 | (93.3%) | 361 | (89.1%) | 74 | (85.1%) | |
| Yes | 25 | (6.7%) | 44 | (10.9%) | 13 | (14.9%) | |
| Retinopathy, n(%) | 0.426 | ||||||
| No | 362 | (97.6%) | 389 | (96.1%) | 85 | (97.7%) | |
| Yes | 9 | (2.4%) | 16 | (3.9%) | 2 | (2.3%) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7 | (22.3–27.1) | 24.8 | (22.7–27.3) | 25.4 | (23.3–29.6) | 0.040 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.0 | (120.0–138.0) | 130.0 | (122.0–140.5) | 130.0 | (119.0–143.0) | 0.130 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.0 | (63.0–78.0) | 73.0 | (65.0–80.0) | 69.0 | (59.0–80.0) | 0.200 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 120.0 | (107.0–133.0) | 138.0 | (119.0–163.5) | 184.0 | (130.0–213.0) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 98.0 | (69.0–139.0) | 108.0 | (76.0–159.0) | 131.0 | (76.0–184.0) | <0.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterols (mg/dL) | 82.0 | (68.0–95.0) | 82.0 | (68.0–101.0) | 82.0 | (63.0–106.0) | 0.323 |
| Blood creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 | (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 | (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 | (0.7–1.4) | 0.227 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m2) | 70.1 | (50.2–84.8) | 71.5 | (53.0–87.9) | 68.1 | (45.2–88.7) | 0.489 |
| Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 19.2 | (8.1–67.1) | 28.2 | (10.0–119.3) | 43.9 | (16.8–467.1) | <0.001 |
| Treatment | <0.001 | ||||||
| Lifestyle modification | 43 | (11.6%) | 36 | (8.9%) | 8 | (9.2%) | |
| Oral medications only | 291 | (78.4%) | 264 | (65.2%) | 38 | (43.7%) | |
| Insulin only | 10 | (2.7%) | 24 | (5.9%) | 7 | (8.1%) | |
| Oral medications + insulin | 27 | (7.3%) | 81 | (20.0%) | 34 | (39.1%) | |