Table 3.
Characteristics of Participants with and without Possible Dementia by MMSE†
| Normal | Possible Dementia | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 71.0 | (67.0–76.5) | 76.0 | (71.0–83.0) | <0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.274 | ||||
| Female | 356 | (50.8%) | 89 | (56.0%) | |
| Male | 345 | (49.2%) | 70 | (44.0%) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Illiterate | 112 | (16.0%) | 3 | (1.9%) | |
| Literate | 589 | (84.0%) | 156 | (98.1%) | |
| Geriatric characteristics | |||||
| Polypharmacy | 406 | (57.9%) | 104 | (65.4%) | 0.100 |
| Mini-mental state examination | 28.0 | (26.0–29.0) | 22.0 | (20.0–23.0) | <0.001 |
| 5-item Geriatric Depression Scale | 0 | (0–1.0) | 0 | (0–1.0) | 0.003 |
| Barthel index | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | <0.001 |
| Lawton scale | 7.0 | (6.0–8.0) | 6.0 | (4.0–8.0) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes characteristics | |||||
| Duration (years) | 13.0 | (7.0–19.0) | 16.0 | (9.0–21.0) | 0.011 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 465 | (66.3%) | 105 | (66.0%) | 1.000 |
| Neuropathy | 62 | (8.8%) | 20 | (12.6%) | 0.194 |
| Retinopathy | 25 | (3.6%) | 2 | (1.3%) | 0.204 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.8 | (22.6–27.3) | 24.9 | (22.4–27.5) | 0.632 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.0 | (122.0–139.0) | 129.0 | (118.0–145.0) | 0.888 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.0 | (64.0–79.0) | 70.0 | (60.0–78.0) | 0.021 |
| Blood hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.1 | (6.5–7.8) | 7.2 | (6.5–8.1) | 0.161 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 129.0 | (113.0–151.0) | 134.0 | (110.0–167.0) | 0.288 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 103.0 | (73.0–147.5) | 104.0 | (74.0–154.0) | 0.812 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterols (mg/dL) | 82.0 | (68.0–98.0) | 84.0 | (68.0–99.0) | 0.500 |
| Blood creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 | (0.8–1.3) | 1.1 | (0.9–1.5) | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m2) | 71.9 | (53.7–87.8) | 60.9 | (41.6–78.6) | <0.001 |
| Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 21.3 | (9.0–83.4) | 40.4 | (13.6–180.7) | <0.001 |
| Treatment | 0.027 | ||||
| Lifestyle modification | 71 | (10.1%) | 16 | (10.1%) | |
| Oral medications only | 496 | (70.8%) | 96 | (60.4%) | |
| Insulin only | 31 | (4.4%) | 9 | (5.7%) | |
| Oral medications + insulin | 103 | (14.7%) | 38 | (23.9%) | |
Notes: †Literate & mini-mental state examination ≤24/Illiterate & mini-mental state examination ≤13.
Abbreviation: MMSE, Mini-mental State Examination.