Table 5.
Characteristics of Participants with and without Dependence by IADL†
| IADL Independence | IADL Dependence | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 70.0 | (67.0–75.0) | 74.0 | (68.0–80.0) | <0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Female | 283 | (72.0%) | 163 | (34.7%) | |
| Male | 110 | (28.0%) | 307 | (65.3%) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | 0.322 | ||||
| Illiterate | 47 | (12.0%) | 68 | (14.5%) | |
| Literate | 345 | (88.0%) | 400 | (85.5%) | |
| Geriatric characteristics | |||||
| Polypharmacy | 226 | (57.5%) | 286 | (60.9%) | 0.354 |
| Mini-mental state examination | 27.0 | (25.0–29.0) | 26.0 | (23.0–28.0) | <0.001 |
| 5-item Geriatric Depression Scale | 0 | (0–1.0) | 0 | (0–1.0) | 0.120 |
| Barthel index | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | <0.001 |
| Lawton scale | 8.0 | (8.0–8.0) | 6.0 | (5.0–7.0) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes characteristics | |||||
| Duration (years) | 12.0 | (7.0–18.0) | 14.0 | (8.0–21.0) | 0.006 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 251 | (63.9%) | 321 | (68.3%) | 0.194 |
| Neuropathy | 31 | (7.9%) | 51 | (10.9%) | 0.173 |
| Retinopathy | 12 | (3.1%) | 15 | (3.2%) | 1.000 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.6 | (22.4–27.1) | 25.0 | (22.6–27.4) | 0.337 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.0 | (122.0–139.0) | 130.0 | (120.0–140.0) | 0.528 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.0 | (65.0–79.0) | 71.0 | (62.8–78.0) | 0.131 |
| Blood hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.1 | (6.5–7.8) | 7.1 | (6.5–8.0) | 0.301 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 128.0 | (114.0–153.5) | 131.0 | (111.0–152.3) | 0.908 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 102.0 | (70.0–145.0) | 105.0 | (76.0–153.0) | 0.216 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterols (mg/dL) | 83.0 | (69.0–99.0) | 82.0 | (67.0–98.3) | 0.357 |
| Blood creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 | (0.7–1.1) | 1.1 | (0.9–1.4) | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m2) | 76.7 | (60.41–92.3) | 65.0 | (44.8–80.9) | <0.001 |
| Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 19.6 | (8.7–63.3) | 31.6 | (10.4–143.4) | <0.001 |
| Treatment | 0.005 | ||||
| Lifestyle modification | 40 | (10.2%) | 47 | (10.0%) | |
| Oral medications only | 290 | (73.8%) | 303 | (64.5%) | |
| Insulin only | 17 | (4.3%) | 24 | (5.1%) | |
| Oral medications + insulin | 46 | (11.7%) | 96 | (20.4%) | |
Note: †IADL <8.
Abbreviation: IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.