Table 2.
Association between sex hormones and prevalent extra-coronary calcification at MESA exam 1 (2000-2002).
| Women | Men | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Free Testosterone |
SHBG | Free Testosterone |
SHBG | |
| Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | ||||
| Aortic valve | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.09 (0.98, 1.21) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.15) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) |
| Model 2 | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.06) |
| Model 3 | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) |
| Mitral valve | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.14) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.30) |
| Model 2 | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.97) | 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) |
| Model 3 | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.27) | 0.83 (0.73, 0.95) | 1.24 (1.08, 1.43) |
| Ascending aorta | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.17 (0.95, 1.43) | 0.87 (0.72, 1.06) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.10) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.33) |
| Model 2 | 1.09 (0.84, 1.41) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.21) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.15) | 1.04 (0.83, 1.29) |
| Model 3 | 0.98 (0.74, 1.29) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.37) | 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.35) |
| Descending aorta | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) |
| Model 2 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) |
| Model 3 | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.10) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.08) |
CI, Confidence intervals; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; SHBG, Sex hormone binding globulin.
Prevalence ratio was derived from Poisson regression with robust variance estimation for extra-coronary calcification greater than zero at baseline.
The independent variables (sex hormones) were natural log-transformed and modeled per one standard deviation.
Results in bold font indicate statistical significance at p <0.05.
Results in bold font with asterisk indicate Bonferroni corrected statistical significance at p <0.002.
Model 1: adjusted for age, race/ethnicity and MESA study site.
Model 2: adjusted for model 1 covariates plus education, physical activity, smoking, pack-years of smoking, BMI and health insurance.
Model 3: adjusted for model 2 covariates plus systolic blood pressure, anti-hypertensive medication, total cholesterol, HDL-C, lipid-lowering medication, diabetes mellitus, and eGFR.
In women, model 2 was additionally adjusted for age at menopause and current use of hormone therapy.