Table 4.
Association between sex hormones and incident extra-coronary calcification at exam 2/3 (2002–2005)
| Women | Men | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Free Testosterone |
SHBG | Free Testosterone | SHBG | |
| Incidence rate ratios (95% CI) | ||||
| Aortic valve | ||||
| Model 1 | 0.96 (0.76, 1.21) | 1.03 (0.81, 1.29) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.39) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) |
| Model 2 | 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.34) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.33) | 0.92 (0.73, 1.15) |
| Model 3 | 0.86 (0.64, 1.15) | 1.14 (0.85, 1.53) | 1.04 (0.84, 1.28) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.20) |
| Mitral valve | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.27 (1.05, 1.53) | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 1.16 (0.92, 1.47) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.03) |
| Model 2 | 1.21 (0.97, 1.52) | 0.82 (0.66, 1.03) | 1.13 (0.90, 1.42) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.07) |
| Model 3 | 1.09 (0.86, 1.37) | 0.92 (0.73, 1.16) | 1.12 (0.89, 1.41) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.09) |
| Ascending aorta | ||||
| Model 1 | 0.94 (0.72, 1.25) | 1.07 (0.82, 1.40) | 0.87 (0.59, 1.29) | 1.11 (0.74, 1.67) |
| Model 2 | 0.84 (0.60, 1.16) | 1.21 (0.88, 1.67) | 0.85 (0.56, 1.27) | 1.14 (0.75, 1.75) |
| Model 3 | 0.73 (0.52, 1.04) | 1.40 (0.99, 1.98) | 0.77 (0.50, 1.18) | 1.28 (0.81, 2.01) |
| Descending aorta | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.09 (0.97, 1.24) | 0.91 (0.80, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) |
| Model 2 | 1.13 (0.98, 1.30) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.20) |
| Model 3 | 1.06 (0.91, 1.24) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) | 1.13 (0.97, 1.32) |
CI, Confidence intervals; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; SHBG, Sex hormone binding globulin.
Incidence rate ratio was derived from Poisson regression with robust variance estimation for extra-coronary calcification greater than zero at exam 2/3 among participants with zero extra-coronary calcification at baseline.
The independent variables (sex hormones) were natural log-transformed and modeled per one standard deviation.
Results in bold font indicate statistical significance at p <0.05.
Results in bold font with asterisk indicate Bonferroni corrected statistical significance at p <0.002.
Model 1: adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, MESA study site and time between scans.
Model 2: adjusted for model 1 covariates plus education, physical activity, smoking, pack-years of smoking, BMI and health insurance.
Model 3: adjusted for model 2 covariates plus systolic blood pressure, use of anti-hypertensive medication, total cholesterol, HDL-C, use of lipid-lowering medication, diabetes mellitus and eGFR.
In women, model 2 was additionally adjusted for age at menopause and current use of hormone therapy.