Table 5.

Association between sex hormones and 2-year change in extra-coronary calcification from MESA exam 1 (2000–2002) to exam 2/3 (2002–2005)

	Women		Men
	Free testosterone	SHBG	Free testosterone	SHBG
Percent change (95% CI)
Aortic valve
Model 1	1 (−2, 4)	−1 (−4, 2)	0 (−3, 3)	0 (−3, 3)
Model 2	1 (−2, 4)	−1 (−4, 2)	0 (−3, 3)	0 (−3, 3)
Model 3	1 (−2, 4)	−1 (−4, 2)	0 (−3, 3)	0 (−3, 3)
Mitral valve
Model 1	1 (−2, 4)	−1 (−4, 2)	−2 (−4, 1)	1 (−2, 3)
Model 2	1 (−2, 4)	−1 (−4, 2)	−1 (−4, 2)	0 (−2, 3)
Model 3	1 (−2, 4)	−1 (−4, 2)	−1 (−4, 2)	0 (−2, 3)
Ascending aorta
Model 1	−1 (−3, 1)	1 (−1, 3)	0 (−2, 2)	0 (−2, 2)
Model 2	−1 (−3, 1)	1 (−1, 3)	0 (−2, 2)	0 (−2, 2)
Model 3	−1 (−3, 1)	1 (−1, 3)	0 (−2, 2)	0 (−2, 2)
Descending aorta
Model 1	3 (−2, 8)	−3 (−7, 1)	−8 (−11, −4)*	6 (2, 11)
Model 2	3 (−2, 8)	−3 (−7, 1)	−7 (−11, −3)*	6 (2, 10)
Model 3	3 (−2, 7)	−3 (−7, 1)	−7 (−11, −3)*	6 (2, 10)

CI, Confidence intervals; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; SHBG, Sex hormone binding globulin.

Percent change was derived from linear mixed effect models and calculated by ([Exp (β) −1]*100).

Extra-coronary calcification was analyzed as ln(ECC+1).

The independent variables (sex hormones) were natural log-transformed and modeled per one standard deviation.

Results in bold font indicate statistical significance at p <0.05.

Results in bold font with asterisk indicate Bonferroni corrected statistical significance at p <0.002.

Model 1: adjusted for age, race/ethnicity and MESA study site.

Model 2: adjusted for model 1 covariates plus education, physical activity, smoking, pack-years of smoking, BMI and health insurance.

Model 3: adjusted for model 2 covariates plus systolic blood pressure, use of anti-hypertensive medication, total cholesterol, HDL-C, use of lipid-lowering medication, diabetes mellitus and eGFR.

In women, model 2 was additionally adjusted for age at menopause and current use of hormone therapy.