Table 3.
Summary of results for time point by age decade analyses (linear mixed models) of scores on each secondary outcome as well as the subtests of the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery. (The primary outcome is not designed for evaluation of raw score). Least-squares means are covariate-adjusted (gender, race, education). P-values shown are not adjusted for multiple comparisons.
| Test Scores | Least-squares mean (standard error) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age decade × time interaction | 40–49 years | 50–59 years | 60–69 years | 70–80 years | ||
| Secondary outcomes | N = 20 | N = 19 | N = 13 | N = 19 | ||
| NIH Toolbox Composite1 | F(9, 197) = 0.53, p = 0.85 | Baseline | 48.1 (1.5) | 53.3 (1.5) | 50.1 (1.9) | 54 (1.5) |
| 1 day | 52.2 (1.5) | 57.2 (1.5) | 53.2 (1.9) | 57.4 (1.5) | ||
| 7 days | 54.8 (1.5) | 59.4 (1.5) | 54.6 (1.9) | 59.3 (1.5) | ||
| 30 days | 54.5 (1.5) | 59.5 (1.5) | 54.4 (1.9) | 59.6 (1.5) | ||
| Logical memory immediate | F(9, 201) = 0.81, p = 0.61 | Baseline | 14.6 (0.8) | 14.4 (0.8) | 12.9 (1) | 14.2 (0.8) |
| 1 day | 17.9 (0.8) | 17.4 (0.8) | 15.8 (1) | 17.4 (0.8) | ||
| 7 days | 19.8 (0.8) | 19.5 (0.8) | 18 (1) | 18.2 (0.8) | ||
| 30 days | 19.8 (0.8) | 19.8 (0.8) | 17.4 (1) | 19.4 (0.8) | ||
| Category fluency - animals | F(9, 201) = 0.53, p = 0.85 | Baseline | 23.1 (1.6) | 22.8 (1.6) | 19.2 (2) | 19.9 (1.6) |
| 1 day | 23.6 (1.6) | 24.2 (1.6) | 21 (2) | 21.4 (1.6) | ||
| 7 days | 24.5 (1.6) | 23.3 (1.6) | 20.7 (2) | 21 (1.6) | ||
| 30 days | 24 (1.6) | 24.9 (1.6) | 20.5 (2) | 21.9 (1.6) | ||
| Trails A time | F(9, 201) = 0.47, p = 0.90 | Baseline | 30.1 (2.5) | 28.6 (2.6) | 28 (3.2) | 37.9 (2.6) |
| 1 day | 25.1 (2.5) | 26.5 (2.6) | 25.9 (3.2) | 35.3 (2.6) | ||
| 7 days | 25.6 (2.5) | 25.6 (2.6) | 23.8 (3.2) | 33.2 (2.6) | ||
| 30 days | 22.5 (2.5) | 23.9 (2.6) | 24.8 (3.2) | 32.1 (2.6) | ||
| Trails B time | F(9, 201) = 1.11, p = 0.36 | Baseline | 65.7 (8.5) | 68.1 (8.8) | 86 (10.7) | 112.5 (8.7) |
| 1 day | 69.8 (8.5) | 49.1 (8.8) | 71.7 (10.7) | 101.6 (8.7) | ||
| 7 days | 56.7 (8.5) | 54.2 (8.8) | 75.8 (10.7) | 104.8 (8.7) | ||
| 30 days | 54.6 (8.5) | 50.5 (8.8) | 81 (10.7) | 87.7 (8.7) | ||
| Logical memory delayed | F(9, 201) = 1.31, p = 0.24 | Baseline | 14.3 (0.8) | 13.1 (0.9) | 12.1 (1) | 13.7 (0.8) |
| 1 day | 17.3 (0.8) | 17.2 (0.9) | 14.6 (1) | 17 (0.8) | ||
| 7 days | 19.2 (0.8) | 18.9 (0.9) | 16.9 (1) | 18.1 (0.8) | ||
| 30 days | 18.8 (0.8) | 19.3 (0.9) | 18.1 (1) | 19 (0.8) | ||
| CVLT delayed recall | F(9, 201) = 1.46, p = 0.16 | Baseline | 10.7 (0.6) | 10.7 (0.6) | 9.2 (0.8) | 9.4 (0.6) |
| 1 day | 13.4 (0.6) | 13.5 (0.6) | 12.2 (0.8) | 11.5 (0.6) | ||
| 7 days | 14.5 (0.6) | 14.7 (0.6) | 13.2 (0.8) | 11.7 (0.6) | ||
| 30 days | 14.4 (0.6) | 15.1 (0.6) | 12.9 (0.8) | 12.1 (0.6) | ||
| NIH Toolbox subtests | ||||||
| Dimensional change card sort1 | F(9, 197) = 0.62, p = 0.78 | Baseline | 40.9 (2.5) | 46.1 (2.6) | 54.1 (3.2) | 50.3 (2.6) |
| 1 day | 47.1 (2.5) | 47.8 (2.6) | 54.6 (3.2) | 53.1 (2.6) | ||
| 7 days | 48 (2.5) | 50.1 (2.7) | 57.2 (3.2) | 55 (2.6) | ||
| 30 days | 47.3 (2.5) | 52.1 (2.6) | 58.9 (3.2) | 54.3 (2.6) | ||
| Flanker inhibitory control and attention1 | F(9, 197) = 0.66, p = 0.74 | Baseline | 39.3 (2.7) | 43.2 (2.9) | 42 (3.5) | 55.6 (2.8) |
| 1 day | 39.7 (2.7) | 43.7 (2.9) | 41.7 (3.5) | 59.7 (2.8) | ||
| 7 days | 42.8 (2.7) | 46.3 (2.9) | 44.3 (3.5) | 59.3 (2.8) | ||
| 30 days | 42.7 (2.7) | 47.2 (2.9) | 45.3 (3.5) | 61.1 (2.8) | ||
| Picture sequence memory1 | F(9, 197) = 3.09, p = 0.0017 | Baseline | 50 (2.4) | 51.8 (2.5) | 45.3 (3) | 44.9 (2.4) |
| 1 day | 59.7 (2.4) | 63.5 (2.5) | 54.6 (3) | 46.7 (2.4) | ||
| 7 days | 66 (2.4) | 66.2 (2.5) | 55.1 (3.1) | 49.1 (2.4) | ||
| 30 days | 65.8 (2.4) | 63.4 (2.5) | 51.9 (3.1) | 52 (2.4) | ||
| List sorting working memory1 | F(9, 197) = 0.66, p = 0.75 | Baseline | 50.1 (2.2) | 54.3 (2.3) | 52.7 (2.8) | 50 (2.2) |
| 1 day | 52.6 (2.2) | 56.8 (2.3) | 54.7 (2.8) | 53.7 (2.2) | ||
| 7 days | 55.2 (2.2) | 58.8 (2.3) | 53.3 (2.8) | 54.9 (2.2) | ||
| 30 days | 54.4 (2.2) | 58.9 (2.3) | 54.9 (2.8) | 52.3 (2.2) | ||
| Oral reading recognition2 | F(9, 196) = 1.04, p = 0.41 | Baseline | 57.9 (2.4) | 62.7 (2.5) | 51.5 (3.1) | 58.9 (2.5) |
| 1 day | 58.4 (2.4) | 62.3 (2.5) | 52.5 (3.1) | 61 (2.5) | ||
| 7 days | 57.1 (2.4) | 63 (2.5) | 52.8 (3.1) | 61.2 (2.5) | ||
| 30 days | 58.4 (2.4) | 62.9 (2.5) | 51.6 (3.1) | 63.9 (2.5) | ||
| Picture vocabulary3 | F(9, 192) = 1.59, p = 0.12 | Baseline | 54.1 (3.3) | 61.5 (3.4) | 50.6 (4.2) | 64.9 (3.4) |
| 1 day | 53.8 (3.3) | 64 (3.5) | 52.9 (4.2) | 65.9 (3.4) | ||
| 7 days | 56.1 (3.3) | 63.6 (3.5) | 52.9 (4.2) | 66 (3.4) | ||
| 30 days | 54.2 (3.3) | 66.9 (3.4) | 51.3 (4.2) | 64.9 (3.4) | ||
| Pattern comparison processing speed4 | F(9, 196) = 0.54, p = 0.85 | Baseline | 44.4 (3.1) | 53.4 (3.2) | 54.2 (3.9) | 53.1 (3.1) |
| 1 day | 54.1 (3.1) | 62.3 (3.2) | 61.2 (3.9) | 62.8 (3.1) | ||
| 7 days | 58.5 (3.1) | 67.9 (3.2) | 66 (3.9) | 70.2 (3.1) | ||
| 30 days | 58.5 (3.1) | 64.9 (3.2) | 66.7 (3.9) | 70 (3.1) | ||
Data were missing for all NIH Toolbox tests for 2 participants at 1 occasion, and for 1 participants at 2 occasions. N was 18 for 50–59 years at 1 day and 7 days, and 12 for 60–69 years at 7 days and 30 days.
Data were missing for an additional participant in the 70–80 years group on the 30 day assessment. N was 18 for 50–59 years at 1 day and 7 days, 12 for 60–69 years at 7 days and 30 days, and 18 for 70–80 years at 30 days.
Data were missing for 5 additional participants at one time point for each participant. N was 18 for 50–59 years at 1 day, N was 17 for 50–59 years at 7 days, N was 12 for 60–69 years at 7 days and 30 days, N was 17 for 70–80 years at 1 day, N was 18 for 70–80 years at 7 days, and N was 18 for 70–80 years at 30 days.
Data were missing for an additional participant in the 50–59 years group on the 30 day assessment. N was 18 for 50–59 years at 1 day, 7 days, and 30 days, and 12 for 60–69 years at 7 days and 30 days.