Table 2.
Main study results
| Adolescents (13–17 years) | Older children (8–12 years) | Younger children (4–7 years) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 63 | 48 | 25 | |
| Pre-procedural distress, median (IQR) | 5 (2–7) (range 0–10) | 5 (3–9) (range 0–10) | 16 (9–20) (range 5–25) | < .0001* |
| Pre-procedural distress, n (%) | 0.2 ** | |||
| Yes | 50 (79.4) | 43 (89.6) | 23 (92.0) | |
| No | 13 (20.6) | 5 (10.4) | 2 (8.0) | |
| Severe pre-procedural distress, n (%) | 45 (71.4) | 39 (81.3) | 18 (72.0) | 0.5 ** |
| Self-reported procedural pain, median (IQR) | 4 (2–6) | 5 (2–8) | 6 (2–8) | 0.2 * |
| Number of pain relief techniques used during procedures, median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–4) | < .0001* |
|
Type of relief techniques employed, n (%) Topical local anaesthesia Distraction Physical comfort Verbal comfort |
2 (3.2) 35 (55.6) 14 (22.2) 46 (73.0) |
21 (43.8) 30 (62.5) 14 (29.2) 36 (75) |
20 (80.0) 18 (72.0) 12 (48.0) 20 (80.0) |
< 0001** 0.4** 0.1** 0.8** |
| Need for physical restraint, n % | 0 (0.0) | 7 (14.6) | 5 (20.0%) | 0.001 |
*Kruskal Wallis test
**Chi-square or Fisher test, as appropriate