Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all participants by sarcopenia status.
| Characteristics | No sarcopenia (n = 10,280) | Possible sarcopenia (n = 3685) | Sarcopenia (n = 1172) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 58.0 ± 8.5 | 65.2 ± 10.1 ⁎⁎⁎ | 68.5 ± 10.4 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 5104 (49.6) | 1414 (38.4) ⁎⁎⁎ | 661 (56.4) ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Married (vs others) | 9376 (91.2) | 2872 (77.9) ⁎⁎⁎ | 902 (77.0) ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Rural (vs urban) | 8922 (86.8) | 3271 (88.8) ⁎⁎ | 1098 (93.7) ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Smokinga | 2957 (33.7) | 890 (26.5) ⁎⁎⁎ | 445 (40.6) ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Drinkinga | 2659 (36.3) | 765 (25.9) ⁎⁎⁎ | 312 (32.2) ⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Educational levela | <0.001 | |||
| Elementary school or below | 5463 (66.3) | 2616 (81.8) ⁎⁎⁎ | 906 (86.6) ⁎⁎⁎ | |
| Secondary school | 2637 (32.0) | 568 (17.8) ⁎⁎⁎ | 132 (12.6) ⁎⁎⁎ | |
| College and above | 138 (1.7) | 16 (0.5) ⁎⁎⁎ | 8 (0.8) * | |
| Height, cm | 159.3 ± 8.3 | 155.2 ± 9.1 ⁎⁎⁎ | 157.3 ± 7.9 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 61.3 ± 11.4 | 58.8 ± 12.8 ⁎⁎⁎ | 51.8 ± 9.5 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 3.6 | 24.2 ± 3.9 | 20.9 ± 3.7 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| BMI category, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Underweight | 427 (4.2) | 187 (5.1) * | 283 (24.1) ⁎⁎⁎ | |
| Normal weight | 4901 (47.7) | 1727 (46.9) | 675 (57.6) ⁎⁎⁎ | |
| Overweight or obesity | 4952 (48.2) | 1771 (48.1) | 214 (18.3) ⁎⁎⁎ | |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
| Systolic | 127 ± 19 | 132 ± 22 ⁎⁎⁎ | 129 ± 22 ⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Diastolic | 76 ± 12 | 75 ± 12 | 73 ± 12 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 3015 (29.3) | 1576 (42.8) ⁎⁎⁎ | 404 (34.5) ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1244 (12.1) | 570 (15.5) ⁎⁎⁎ | 113 (9.6) * | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 788 (7.7) | 422 (11.5) ⁎⁎⁎ | 109 (9.3) | <0.001 |
| Kidney disease | 588 (5.7) | 284 (7.7) ⁎⁎⁎ | 93 (7.9) ⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| History of medication use, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes medicationsa | 531 (5.2) | 308 (8.5) ⁎⁎⁎ | 68 (5.9) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension medicationsa | 2049 (20.3) | 1257 (34.9) ⁎⁎⁎ | 287 (25.2) ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering therapya | 739 (7.3) | 365 (10.2) ⁎⁎⁎ | 78 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic biomarkersb | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 184.6 ± 35.9 | 184.6 ± 36.9 | 177.0 ± 34.9 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 115.0 (83.2, 172.6) | 122.1 (87.6, 176.1) | 92.0 (70.8, 135.4) ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 102.5 ± 28.7 | 103 ± 29.1 | 97.4 ± 27.3 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 51.3 ± 11.2 | 50.3 ± 11.6 ⁎⁎⁎ | 53.3 ± 13.3 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 96.4 ± 21.5 | 93.1 ± 24.0 ⁎⁎⁎ | 93.4 ± 25.0 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Handgrip strength, kg | 32.9 ± 9.2 | 21.5 ± 9.8 ⁎⁎⁎ | 21.7 ± 7.7 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| ASM/Ht,2 kg/m2 | 7.2 ± 1.5 | 7.5 ± 1.0 ⁎⁎⁎ | 5.6 ± 2.2 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| Gait speed, m/s | 0.86 ± 0.19 | 0.66 ± 0.23 ⁎⁎⁎ | 0.67 ± 0.21 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
| 5-time chair stand test, s | 8.1 ± 1.9 | 12.7 ± 4.7 ⁎⁎⁎ | 12.6 ± 5.1 ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.001 |
Data are shown as means ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or numbers (percentages).
a
Missing data: 1896 for smoking, 3880 for drinking, 2653 for educational level, 170 for diabetes medications,293 for hypertension medications and 322 for lipid-lowering therapy.
b
Measured in subpopulation of 12,318 participants.
Abbreviation: ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle; BMI, body mass index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Significant at *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ⁎⁎⁎P < 0.001 compared to no sarcopenia group.