Table 2.

Overview of IL-1 targeted studies in heart failure patients.

Study	Population	Sample Size	Study Design				Intervention	Main Outcomes	PMID or NCT number
			R	DB	PC	MC
Anakinra ADHF	Acute decompensated HFrEF with CRP >3 mg/l	30	X	X	X		Anakinra 100 mg twice daily for 3 days and then once daily for 11	↓hsCRP, ↓IL-6, ↑LVEF	26906034
AIR-HF	Stable HFrEF with hsCRP >2 mg/l	7					Anakinra 100 mg daily for 14 days	↓hsCRP, ↓IL-6, ↑Peak VO2, ↑exercise time, ↑QOL	22438931
D-HART	Stable HFpEF with hsCRP >2 mg/l	12	X*	X	X		Anakinra 100 mg daily for 14 days	↓hsCRP, ↑ Peak VO2, ↑exercise time, ↑QOL	24262762
D-HART2	Stable HFpEF with hsCRP >2 mg/l	31	X	X	X		Anakinra 100 mg daily for 12 weeks	↓hsCRP, ↑exercise time, ↑QOL, ↓NTproBNP (no effect on peak VO2)	30354558
Colchicine in HF	Stable HFrEF	279	X	X	X		Colchicine 0.5 mg twice daily for 6 months	↓hsCRP, (no effect on exercise time, or peak VO2)	24720919
REDHART	Post-discharge HFrEF with hsCRP >2 mg/l	60	X	X	X		Anakinra 100 mg daily for 12 weeks	↓hsCRP, ↑peak VO2, ↑exercise time, ↑QOL, ↓NTproBNP	9141858
OLATEC-HF	Stable HFrEF with hsCRP >2 mg/l	30	X	X	X		OLT1177 500 mg 1–4 times daily for 14 days	Completed but results not yet available	NCT03534297
REDHART2	Post-discharge HFrEF with hsCRP >2 mg/l	102	X	X	X		Anakinra 100 mg daily for 24 weeks	Ongoing	NCT03797001

Abbreviations: CRP = C-reactive protein; DB = Double blind; HF = Heart failure; hsCRP= high sensitivity CRP; PC = Placebo-controlled; R = Randomized.

^*cross-over trial.