Table 4.
Importance of eating motives (TEMS)
| Eating motivations | Total sample Mean (±sd) |
Stress-overeater Mean (±sd) |
Stress-undereaterMean (±sd) | Stress-insensitive eater Mean (±sd) |
Mean difference between groups p-value* |
Effect size η2** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liking | 6.2 (±0.9) | 6.2 (±0.9) | 6.3 (±0.9) | 6.2 (±0.9) | 0.30 | |
| Need & hunger | 5.5 (±1.2) | 5.3 (±1.2) | 5.6 (±1.2) | 5.6 (±1.1) | <0.005 | 0.013 |
| Health | 5.2 (±1.2) | 5.2 (±1.2) | 5.2 (±1.2) | 5.2 (±1.1) | 0.97 | |
| Habits | 5.1 (±1.3) | 5.3 (±1.2) | 4.9 (±1.4) | 5.1 (±1.3) | <0.005 | 0.016 |
| Pleasure | 4.9 (±1.3) | 5.1 (±1.3) | 4.8 (±1.4) | 4.7 (±1.3) | <0.005 | 0.02 |
| Convenience | 4.4 (±1.5) | 4.5 (±1.5) | 4.3 (±1.5) | 4.1 (±1.5) | 0.01 | 0.001 |
| Natural concerns | 4.3 (±1.8) | 4.3 (±1.8) | 4.3 (±1.8) | 4.3 (±1.8) | 0.97 | |
| Sociability | 4.3 (±1.6) | 4.4 (±1.6) | 4.2 (±1.6) | 4.1 (±1.7) | 0.03 | 0.004 |
| Weight control | 4.0 (±1.7) | 4.4 (±1.6) | 3.7 (±1.8) | 3.5 (±1.7) | <0.005 | 0.035 |
| Traditional eating | 3.7 (±1.7) | 3.8 (±1.8) | 3.6 (±1.7) | 3.7 (±1.6) | 0.17 | |
| Visual appeal | 3.6 (±1.6) | 3.8 (±1.6) | 3.5 (±1.6) | 3.2 (±1.5) | <0.005 | 0.016 |
| Price | 3.4 (±1.6) | 3.5 (±1.6) | 3.3 (±1.5) | 3.1 (±1.4) | 0.01 | 0.006 |
| Affect regulations | 3.3 (±1.9) | 4.4 (±1.7) | 2.6 (±1.6) | 2.4 (±1.6) | <0.005 | 0.241 |
| Social norms | 2.1 (±1.4) | 2.3 (±1.5) | 2.0 (±1.3) | 1.9 (±1.3) | <0.005 | 0.013 |
| Social image | 1.9 (±1.2) | 2.0 (±1.3) | 1.8 (±1.2) | 1.6 (±1.2) | 0.06 |
Effect benchmarks: small (η2=0.02), medium (η2=0.13), large (η2=0.26) [31]
*p-values were calculated applying the Kruskal–Wallis test
** η2 was only calculated for motives with sign. p-value,