Fig. 2.

Development of the radiomics signature and performance assessment. A Selection of the tuning parameter (λ). The tuning parameter lambda (λ) was selected by the LASSO method based on tenfold cross-validation via minimum criteria. The binomial deviance was plotted versus the log-transformed λ. Based on the minimum criteria, the calculated optimal values were plotted as the dotted vertical line. The optimal λ value of 0.059 with log (λ) of − 2.833 was selected. B LASSO coefficient profiles of the 1301 radiomics features. Seven stable features with nonzero coefficients were selected, according to the vertical line plotted at the optimal λ value. C Boxplots of the radiomics score in the training, internal and external validation sets. D ROC curves of the radiomics signature in the training, internal and external validation sets