Table 5. Studies investigating the relationship between vitamin D and PE in men.

Study	Year	Definition of PE	Disorder	PE prevalence	Results
Mirzahosseini et al [90]	1996	Animal study	Vitamin D excess	-	Administration of 2.5 mg of vitamin D3 during the critical hormonal imprint period (neonatal period) completely prevented male rat ejaculation.
Abd El Aal et al [91]	2018	ISSM	Vitamin D deficiency	-	Vitamin D is lower in the group with LPE, there is a correlation between vitamin D levels and IELT and PEDT, vitamin D is an important risk factor for LPE.
Canat et al [92]	2019	Second Ad Hoc ISSM Committee and PEDT	Vitamin D deficiency	-	There was no significant relationship between vitamin D deficiency and APE.

PE: premature ejaculation, ISSM: International Society for Sexual Medicine, LPE: lifetime pemature ejaculation, IELT: intravaginal ejaculatory delay time, PEDT: premature ejaculation diagnostic tool, APE: acquired pemature ejaculation, -: not available.