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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 16.
Published in final edited form as: J Wildl Dis. 2019 Sep 26;56(1):47–57.

Table 1.

Validation of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) testing protocol using clade 2.3.4.4 goose Guangdong lineage highly pathogenic H5 influenza A virus (GsGD-HP-H5 IAV) and North American lineage low pathogenic (LP) H5 influenza A virus (IAV) antigens tested against control antisera, sera from birds experimentally infected with GsGD-HP-H5 IAV and LP IAV, and field samples from wild birds taken prior to detection of clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 IAV in North America. Twofold higher HI antibody titers to either clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 IAV or North American lineage LP H5 IAV are in bold.

Clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 IAV antigensa
 North American lineage LP H5 IAV antigensb
Serum source HP-Turkey MN HP-GYR/WA LP-rgBWT/TX LP-wtBWT/TX LP-Mallard/MN
A/GYR/WA (H5N8) (SEPRL) Control antiserac 64 128 <16 <16 <16
A/GYR/WA (H5N8) (NVSL) ≥1,024 ≥1,024 64 <16 <16
A/Northern pintail/WA (H5N2) (SEPRL) 256 256 <16 <16 <16
A/GYR/WA (H5N8) Mallard 1 (SEPRL) Experimentally infected Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)d 16 128 <16 <16 <16
A/GYR/WA (H5N8) Mallard 2 (SEPRL) 128 128 <16 <16 <16
A/Mallard/MN/355779 (H5N2) Mallard 1 <16 <16 128 128 128
A/Mallard/MN/355779 (H5N2) Mallard 2 <16 <16 128 64 64
A/Mallard/MN/355779 (H5N2) Mallard 3 <16 <16 32 16 16
A/Mallard/MN/355779 (H5N2) Mallard 4 <16 <16 512 128 128
A/Mallard/MN/355779 (H5N2) Mallard 5 <16 <16 32 16 16
Snow Goose 1 Pre-outbreak field samplese <16 32 256 Not tested 64
Snow Goose 2 <16 <16 128 Not tested 32
Snow Goose 3 <16 <16 128 Not tested 32
Snow Goose 4 <16 <16 128 Not tested 64
Snow Goose 5 <16 <16 16 Not tested 16
Snow Goose 6 <16 <16 32 Not tested 16
Mute Swan 1 <16 <16 64 Not tested 64
Mute Swan 2 <16 <16 128 Not tested 64
Mute Swan 3 <16 <16 32 Not tested 16
Mute Swan 4 <16 <16 64 Not tested <16
Mute Swan 5 <16 <16 16 Not tested <16
Mute Swan 6 <16 <16 16 Not tested <16
Mute Swan 7 <16 <16 512 Not tested 128
Mute Swan 8 <16 <16 256 Not tested 128
a

Clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 IAV antigens included: HP-Turkey/MN = A/Turkey/Minnesota/9845/2014 (H5N2) and HP-GYR/WA = A/Gyrfalcon/Washington/2014 (H5N8).

b

North American lineage LP H5 IAV antigens included: LP-rgBWT/TX = reverse genetics-A/Blue-winged Teal/AI12-4150/Texas/2012 (ΔH5N2), LP-wtBWT/TX = A/Blue-winged Teal/Texas/AI12-4150/2012 (H5N2), and LP-Mallard/MN = A/Mallard/Minnesota/AI11-3933/2011 (H5N1).

c

Control antisera (chicken) to HP-A/GYR/WA and A/Northern pintail/WA = A/Northern Pintail/Washington/40964/2014 (H5N2). Sera provided by Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory (SEPRL), Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture and the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), Veterinary Services, US Department of Agriculture.

d

Sera from mallards experimentally infected with A/GYR/WA and A/Mallard/Minnesota/355779/2000 (H5N2).

e

Sera from Snow Geese (Anser caerulescens) sampled in Texas during 2012 and Mute Swans (Cygnus olor) sampled in Michigan by Wildlife Services, US Department of Agriculture personnel during 2012.