. 2022 Jan 16;3:100034. doi: 10.1016/j.cresp.2022.100034

Table 3.

Rice, modern, and historical indicators predict mask use early in the outbreak (Study 1)

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Female	0.49^⁎⁎⁎	0.48^⁎⁎⁎	0.48^⁎⁎⁎	0.48***
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Age	-0.37^⁎⁎⁎	-0.34^⁎⁎⁎	-0.34^⁎⁎⁎	-0.35***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Indoors	0.45*	0.35	0.34	0.38⁺
	(0.21)	(0.22)	(0.21)	(0.22)
On Bus	-0.52⁺	-0.50⁺	-0.56*	-0.51⁺
	(0.27)	(0.27)	(0.27)	(0.27)
City Tier	0.42+	-0.30	4.65^⁎⁎⁎	0.03
	(0.22)	(0.65)	(0.78)	(1.50)
Prefecture Rice %	37.39^⁎⁎	85.68^⁎⁎	204.47^⁎⁎⁎	76.70*
	(11.50)	(27.47)	(25.29)	(30.20)
Days Since Lockdown	0.47^⁎⁎⁎	0.47^⁎⁎⁎	0.47^⁎⁎⁎	0.47***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Distance to Wuhan	5.42^⁎⁎⁎	10.80^⁎⁎	21.20^⁎⁎⁎	10.17**
	(1.55)	(3.55)	(2.52)	(3.94)
Rice x Days	-0.39^⁎⁎⁎	-0.40^⁎⁎⁎	-0.40^⁎⁎⁎	-0.40***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
Rice x Distance	-5.16^⁎⁎	-12.41^⁎⁎	-29.89^⁎⁎⁎	-11.06*
	(1.69)	(4.04)	(3.72)	(4.50)
Historical Air Pollution	0.04^⁎⁎⁎
	(0.01)
Pathogen Prevalence		-0.81
		(0.61)
Prefecture GDP per Capita²⁰¹⁷			-1.47^⁎⁎⁎
			(0.25)
Historical GDP per Capita¹⁹⁹⁶				0.01
				(0.12)

***p < .001; **p < .01; *p < .05; ⁺p < .10

Note: Models are multilevel with observations nested in provinces. GDP per capita is in units of 10,000 RMB. Current GDP uses 2017 prefecture data; historical GDP uses 1996 provincial data. Historical air pollution is the historical average PM2.5 micrograms per cubic meter from 2013 to 2019.