Table 3.
Results of questionnaires at recruitment (pre) and after four weeks (post)
| Mindful Kangaroo Care group (n = 15) | Standard of Care group (n = 15) | Between-group p-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Parental Stressor Scale: range from 1 (not at all stressful) to 5 (extremely stressful) | |||
| Overall pre | 3.4 (2.2–4.8) | 3.1 (1,7–4.4) | 0.33 |
| Overall post | 2.6 (1.9–4.5) | 2.4 (1.4–4.7) | |
| Change in Overall: Post–Pre | -0.3 (-1.7, + 0.2) | -0.1 (-1.8, + 0.7) | 0.18 |
| Within group p-value (Post–Pre) | 0.002a | 0.12 | |
| Sights and Sounds-pre | 2.2 (1.2–4.8) | 2.4 (1.2–3.6) | 1.00 |
| Sights and Sounds-post | 2.2 (5–17) | 2.0 (1.0–4.2) | |
| Change in Sights and Sounds: Post–Pre | -0.4 (-1.4, + 1) | -0.2 (-1.8, + 1.2) | 0.68 |
| Within group p-value (Post–Pre) | 0.051 | 0.21 | |
| Infant Behavior- pre | 3.5 (1.8–4.9) | 2.9 (1.3–4.9) | 0.22 |
| Infant Behavior- post | 2.5 (1.7–4.7) | 2.2 (1.3–4.7) | |
| Change in Infant Behavior: Post–Pre | -0.4 (-1.9, + 0.4) | -0.2 (-1.2, + 0.6) | 0.11 |
| Within group p-value (Post–Pre) | 0.003a | 0.06 | |
| Parental Role Alteration- pre | 3.6 (1.7–5.0) | 3.3 (1.5–5.0) | 0.63 |
| Parental Role Alteration- post | 3.1 (1.8–5.0) | 3.3 (1.3–5.0) | |
| Change in Parental Role: Post–Pre | -0.2 (-2.3, + 0.8) | 0 (-1.8, + 2.2) | 0.83 |
| Within group p-value (Post–Pre) | 0.16 | 0.55 | |
| Patient Health Questionnaire – 4: range from 1 (not at all) to 4 (nearly every day) | |||
| Anxiety pre | 3 (1.5–4) | 2.5 (1.5–4) | 0.41 |
| Anxiety post | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | |
| Change in anxiety: Post–Pre | -1 (-2.5, + 0.5) | -0.5 (-1.5, + 1) | 0.09 |
| Within group p-value (Post–Pre) | 0.003a | 0.08 | |
| Depression pre | 2 (1–4) | 1.5 (1–2.5) | 0.09 |
| Depression post | 1.5 (1–4) | 1.5 (1–3) | |
| Change in depression: Post–Pre | -0.5 (-1, + 0.5) | 0 (-1, + 1) | 0.12 |
| Within group p-value (Post–Pre) | 0.02b | 0.81 | |
| Toronto Mindfulness Scale: range from 0 (not at all) to 4 (very much) | |||
| Curiosity pre | 1.1 (0–4) | 1.8 (0–3) | 0.37 |
| Curiosity post | 2.1 (0–4) | 1.5 (0–3) | |
| Change in Curiosity: Post–Pre | + 0.8 (-1.5, + 3.2) | -0.2 (-1.7, + 1.5) | 0.004c |
| Within group p-value (Post–Pre) | 0.008b | 0.38 | |
| Decentering pre | 1.4 (0–3) | 1.7 (1–3) | 0.28 |
| Decentering post | 2.4 (0–4) | 1.5 (0–3) | |
| Change in Decentering: Post–Pre | + 0.6 (-1, + 1.4) | -0.3 (-1.7, + 0.8) | 0.005c |
| Within group p—value (Post–Pre) | 0.01b | 0.23 | |
Results are expressed as median (range)
aWilcoxon Effect size (r) is Large
bWilcoxon Effect size (r) is Medium
cMann-Whitney Effect size (r) is Large