Table 3.
Effect of HIV self-testing intervention on secondary outcomes at each 6-month follow-up visit
| 6 months | 12 months | 18 months | 24 months | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Group | Rate % (N) |
RR (95% CI) |
p value | Rate % (N) |
RR (95% CI) |
p value | Rate % (N) |
RR (95% CI) |
p value | Rate % (N) |
RR (95% CI) |
p value |
| Primarypartner tested for HIV | Int | 87.5 (806) | 1.8 (1.6, 2.1) | 81.2 (729) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | 77.8 (738) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.2) | 74.9 (227) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.3) | ||||
| <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| Cmp | 48.3 (442) | 1.0 (ref) | 48.6 (431) | 1.0 (ref) | 39.8 (355) | 1.0 (ref) | 39.0 (104) | 1.0 (ref) | |||||
| Couples testing with primary partner | Int | 80.3 (740) | 2.5 (2.1, 2.9) | 75.3 (676) | 2.2 (1.9, 2.5) | 34.7 (308) | 2.7 (2.4, 3.1) | 71.6 (217) | 2.8 (2.3, 3.4) | ||||
| <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| Cmp | 32.9 (301) | 1.0 (ref) | 34.7 (308) | 1.0 (ref) | 26.7 (238) | 1.0 (ref) | 26.2 (70) | 1.0 (ref) | |||||
| Most recent transactional sex partner tested for HIV | Int | 58.0 (534) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) | 52.3 (470) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 45.5 (432) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | 38.4 (116) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) | ||||
| <0.0001 | <0.0014 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| Cmp | 46.3 (424) | 1.0 (ref) | 44.2 (392) | 1.0 (ref) | 34.9 (311) | 1.0 (ref) | 22.8 (61) | 1.0 (ref) | |||||
| Couples testing with most recent transactional sex partner | Int | 50.7 (467) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.1) | 46.5 (418) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 40.9 (388) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) | 36.1 (109) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.4) | ||||
| <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| Cmp | 27.4 (251) | 1.0 (ref) | 31.1 (3276) | 1.0 (ref) | 26.0 (232) | 1.0 (ref) | 14.2 (38) | 1.0 (ref) | |||||
| Declined sex with≥1 partner(s) after partner(s) refused self-test/HTS referral card, or tested HIV-positive | Int | 14.2 (131) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.7) | 5.1 (46) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 4.5 (43) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.9) | 2.3 (7) | 0.8 (0.2, 3.1) | ||||
| <0.0001 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Cmp | 7.1 (65) | 1.0 (ref) | 6.0 (53) | 1.0 (ref) | 3.8 (34) | 1.0 (ref) | 3.0 (8) | 1.0 (ref) | |||||
| Used condom with≥1 partner(s) after partner(s) refused self-test/HTS refenal card, or tested HIV-positive | Int | 11.6 (107) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) | 7.2 (65) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) | 5.3 (50) | 1.3 (0.8, 1.9) | 3.3 (10) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.6) | ||||
| 0.0001 | 0.27 | 0.60 | 0.60 | ||||||||||
| Cmp | 6.2 (57) | 1.0 (ref) | 5.2 (46) | 1.0 (ref) | 4.3 (38) | 1.0 (ref) | 4.9 (13) | 1.0 (ref) | |||||
| Any intimate partner violence (IPV) | Int | 17.3 (159) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 10.8 (97) | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) | 6.1 (58) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.8) | 5.0 (15) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.2) | ||||
| 1.00 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Cmp | 16.4 (150) | 1.0 (ref) | 7.7 (68) | 1.0 (ref) | 3.5 (31) | 1.0 (ref) | 5.2 (14) | 1.0 (ref) | |||||
| Cunently on PrEP | Int | 4.1 (38) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.9) | 5.2 (47) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 3.9 (37) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 3.3 (10) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | ||||
| 0.32 | 0.94 | 0.25 | 0.94 | ||||||||||
| Cmp | 2.5 (23) | 1.0 (ref) | 4.6 (41) | 1.0 (ref) | 5.4 (48) | 1.0 (ref) | 3.7 (10) | 1.0 (ref) | |||||
Note: Risk ratios and p-values are based on generalised linear mixed models, run for each secondary outcome. Models covariates included indicators for arm and follow-up time point (6, 12, 18, and 24 months), the interaction between arm and follow-up time point, and matched cluster pairs. All p-values were adjusted using the Holm-Bonferroni correction. RR=Risk ratio. Int=Intervention. Cmp=Comparison.