Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with AoCLD among different Na level groups
| Characteristics | Na ≤ 120 mmol/L (n = 28) | 120 < Na < 135 mmol/L (n = 813) | 135 ≤ Na ≤ 145 mmol/L (n = 2959) | Na > 145 mmol/L (n = 80) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 51.57 [43.14–59.28] | 50.86 [43–58.85] | 47.96 [39.15–57.13] | 55 [43.38–62] | 0.000 |
| Sex (male) | 16 (57.1) | 621 (76.4) | 2170 (73.3) | 51 (63.7) | 0.010 |
| Etiology | 0.160 | ||||
| Alcoholic | 7 (25) | 95 (11.7) | 229 (7.7) | 8 (10) | 0.000 |
| HBV | 11 (39.3) | 429 (52.8) | 1705 (57.6) | 41 (51.2) | 0.016 |
| AIH | 2 (7.1) | 62 (7.6) | 275 (9.3) | 11 (13.8) | 0.228 |
| HCV | 1 (3.6) | 20 (2.5) | 82 (2.8) | 4 (5) | 0.669 |
| NAFLD | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 38 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 0.021 |
| Schistosomiasis | 0 (0) | 7 (0.9) | 16 (0.5) | 2 (2.5) | 0.134 |
| HBV + Alcoholic | 4 (14.3) | 102 (12.5) | 241 (8.1) | 4 (5) | 0.001 |
| HBV + AIH | 0 (0) | 4 (0.5) | 9 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0.790 |
| HBV + HCV | 0 (0) | 5 (0.6) | 10 (0.3) | 1 (1.3) | 0.441 |
| HBV + NAFLD | 0 (0) | 12 (1.5) | 87 (2.9) | 1 (1.3) | 0.079 |
| HBV + HEV | 1 (3.6) | 11 (1.4) | 58 (2) | 3 (3.8) | 0.351 |
| HBV + Schistosomiasis | 1 (3.6) | 5 (0.6) | 17 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0.194 |
| Cirrhosis status | |||||
| non-cirrhosis | 1 (3.6) | 114 (14) | 969 (32.7) | 22 (27.5) | 0.000 |
| compensated cirrhosis | 8 (28.6) | 370 (45.5) | 1221 (41.3) | 26 (32.5) | 0.000 |
| decompensated cirrhosis | 19 (67.9) | 329 (40.5) | 769 (26) | 32 (40) | 0.000 |
| Acute decompensation | |||||
| HE | 0.000 | ||||
| Grade 0 | 22 (78.6) | 709 (87.2) | 2758 (93.2) | 56 (30) | |
| Grade 1 | 2 (7.1) | 27 (3.3) | 92 (3.1) | 5 (6.3) | |
| Grade 2 | 4 (14.3) | 50 (6.2) | 72 (2.4) | 10 (12.5) | |
| Grade 3 | 0 (0) | 23 (2.8) | 26 (0.9) | 5 (6.3) | |
| Grade 4 | 0 (0) | 4 (0.5) | 11 (0.4) | 4 (5) | |
| Infection | 10 (35.7) | 306 (37.6) | 511 (17.3) | 12 (15) | 0.000 |
| Ascites | 17 (60.7) | 546 (67.2) | 1236 (41.8) | 32 (40) | 0.000 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 4 (14.3) | 113 (13.9) | 436 (14.7) | 15 (18.8) | 0.707 |
| Jaundice | 20 (71.4) | 543 (66.8) | 1250 (42.2) | 22 (27.5) | 0.000 |
| Laboratory tests | |||||
| ALT (U/L) | 73.3 [39.23–135.63] | 60.2 [29.8–192] | 106 [33.1–472] | 53 [26–241] | 0.000 |
| AST (U/L) | 113.75 [41.28–172.9] | 96 [49.5–208.05] | 112 [47–299.35] | 84.9 [35.6–161] | 0.000 |
| ALB (g/L) | 30.4 [26.4–35.08] | 29.6 [25.7–33.25] | 32.9 [28.8–37.4] | 32.9 [28.25–37.6] | 0.000 |
| TBIL (mg/dL) | 12.21 [3.37–26.84] | 11.11 [3.19–22.96] | 3.42 [1.44–12.14] | 2.04 [1.25–6.57] | 0.000 |
| INR | 2.04 [1.37–2.69] | 1.68 [1.36–2.23] | 1.37 [1.16–1.7] | 1.31 [1.16–1.62] | 0.000 |
| CR (mg/dL) | 0.84 [0.58–1.35] | 0.81 [0.67–1.08] | 0.76 [0.63–0.91] | 0.8 [0.6–0.96] | 0.000 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 9.53 [4.57–14.95] | 5.81 [4.04–8.6] | 4.3 [3.3–5.89] | 5.3 [3.83–9.23] | 0.000 |
| WBC (× 10*9/L) | 7.38 [3.6–11.67] | 6.2 [4.17–9.21] | 4.8 [3.5–6.54] | 4.38 [3.15–5.82] | 0.000 |
| PLT (× 10*9/L) | 67 [45.5–122] | 79 [52–121] | 98 [60–150.2] | 74 [51–131] | 0.000 |
| HB (g/L) | 106.5 [81.5–128.3] | 108 [86–127] | 120 [99–137] | 117 [92–130] | 0.000 |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.47 [3.52–5.05] | 3.9 [3.5–4.3] | 3.85 [3.54–4.17] | 3.8 [3.3–4.1] | 0.093 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 476.19 [466.67–476.19] | 471.43 [466.67–476.19] | 476.19 [466.67–476.19] | 476.19 [466.67–476.19] | 0.000 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 86.67 [80.5–93.33] | 88 [80.67–93.33] | 89 [83.33–95] | 93.33 [86.67–98] | 0.000 |
| Scores | |||||
| MELD | 23 [17.5–31] | 21 [15–27] | 15 [10–21] | 12 [10–17] | 0.000 |
| MELD_Na | 33 [30.25–37] | 25 [20–30] | 15 [10–22] | 7 [5–13] | 0.000 |
| iMELD | 55 [51–64.5] | 44 [38–50] | 32 [26–38] | 26 [23–33] | 0.000 |
| CLIF_SOFA | 6 [5.25–8] | 7 [5–7] | 4 [2–6] | 4 [2–7] | 0.000 |
| SOFA | 10 [9–11] | 9 [8–10] | 8 [6–9] | 7 [7–9] | 0.000 |
| CHILD_PUGH | 10.5 [9–11.75] | 10 [9–11] | 8 [7–10] | 8 [7–10] | 0.000 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| 90-day adverse outcomes | 14 (50) | 286 (35.2) | 398 (13.5) | 14 (17.5) | 0.000 |
| 90-day death | 13 (46.4) | 212 (26.1) | 261 (8.8) | 12 (15) | 0.000 |
| 90-day LT | 1 (3.6) | 74 (9.1) | 137 (4.6) | 2 (2.5) | 0.000 |
Na serum sodium, HBV hepatitis B virus, AIH autoimmune hepatitis, HCV hepatitis C virus, HE hepatic encephalopathy, ALT aspartate aminotransferase, AST alanine aminotransferase, ALB albumin, TBIL total bilirubin, INR international normalized ratio, CR serum creatinine, BUN blood urea nitrogen, WBC white blood cell, HB hemoglobin, PLT platelet, K serum potassium, PaO2 arterial partial pressure of oxygen, FiO2 fraction of inspired O2, MAP mean arterial pressure, MELD model for end-stage liver disease, iMELD integrated MELD, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, CLIF-SOFA Chronic Liver Failure Assessment, Child–Pugh Child–Turcotte–Pugh, LT liver transplantation
*Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range); categorical variables are presented as n(percentage)