Table 1.

Kirkpatrick model for training evaluation [9].

Kirkpatrick level	Description	Outcome measures in trauma courses
Level 1 - reaction	Degree to which participants find training favorable and relevant to their job	Subjective course evaluations
Level 2 - learning	Degree to which participants acquire intended knowledge, skills, confidence and commitment	Objective pre- and post-tests Confidence measurements
Level 3 - behavior	Degree to which participants apply what they learned while on the job	Objective assessment of skills such as OSCE, simulation cases or evaluation of real-time trauma cases
Level 4 - results	Degree to which targeted outcomes occur as a result of training	Changes in trauma morbidity or mortality, objective trauma system improvements