Table 1.
Characteristics of studies investigated the association of yogurt consumption and colorectal cancer risk.
| Author, year of publication (country) | Study design (follow-up, years) | Cohort name, sample size and study period | Age (mean±SD or range, years) | Dietary assessment | Outcome assessment | Reported risk estimates | Adjusted confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kampman et al. (57) (U.S.) | Case-control (NA) | The HPFS and the NHS cohort studies, 18,398, 1986–1990 and 1980–1988 | NA | Semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire | Diagnosis of adenocarcinoma polyps of the colon or rectum | HPFS C5 vs. C1: RR = 1.06 (0.72, 1.57) NHS (1984–1988) C5 vs. C1: RR = 0.75 (0.51, 1.11) NHS (1980–1988) C5 vs. C1: RR = 0.89 (0.63, 1.25) |
Age, total energy, family history, and saturated fat intake |
| Kampman et al. (53) (Netherlands) | Cohort study (9) | The Netherlands Cohort Study, 120,852, 1986–1989 | 55–69 | Validated FFQ (150 items) | Record linkage to cancer registries and a nationwide pathology register | 64 g/day: Ref 181 mg/day: RR = 1.01 (0.69, 1.48) 287 mg/day: RR = 1.29 (0.89, 1.88) 397 mg/day: RR = 1.18 (0.80, 1.72) 634 mg/day: RR = 1.14 (0.77, 1.68) |
Age, gender, family history of colorectal cancer, intake of energy, energy-adjusted intake of fat and dietary fiber, BMI, history of gallbladder surgery |
| Boutron et al. (58) (France) | Case-control (NA) | NA, 1268, 1985–1990 | Cases: 64.2 ± 10.3 Controls: 62.1 ± 11.6 | Detailed 2-h questionnaire about the diet in the past year | Registry of Digestive Tumors of Burgundy | Tertile 1: Ref Tertile 2: RR = 1.0 (0.7, 1.7) Tertile 3: RR = 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) |
Age, sex and caloric intake |
| Kearney et al., (59) (U.S.) | Cohort study (6) | The HPFS cohort study, 47,935, 1986–1992 | 40–75 | Validated FFQ (131 items) | Self-reported, then confirmed by hospital records and pathology reports | <1/month: Ref 1–4/month: RR = 0.70 (0.45, 1.09) 2–4/week: RR = 0.81 (0.51, 1.26) 5–7/week: RR = 0.96 (0.51, 1.26) > 1/day: RR = 1.09 (0.70, 1.72) |
Age, total calories, family history for colon cancer, previous potyp, screening, past history of smoking, alcohol, aspirin, physical activity, BMI, red meat, saturated fat, and dietary fiber |
| Jarvinen et al. (54) (Finland) | Cohort study (15) | Population cohort from a large-scale health examination survey performed by the Social Insurance Institution's Mobile Clinic, 9959, 1966–1991 | > 15 | Performed questionnaire | Linkage to the Finish Cancer Registry | Colon cancer Q4 vs. Q1: RR = 0.79 (0.34, 1.79) Rectum cancer RR = 2.67 (0.91, 7.80) Both cancers RR = 1.28 (0.68, 2.40) |
Age, sex, BMI, occupation, geographical area, and intake of energy |
| Terry et al. (55) (Sweden) | Cohort study (11.3) | Swedish Mammography Screening Cohort, 61,463, 1987–2000 | The average age at diagnosis was 67 for colon cancer cases and 68 for rectal cancer cases | FFQ (67 items) | Linkage to regional cancer registry | Colorectal cancer Q4 vs. Q1: RR = 0.90 (0.72, 1.13) Colon cancer RR = 0.76 (0.57, 1.01) Proximal colon cancer RR = 0.67 (0.44, 1.03) Distal colon cancer RR = 0.80 (0.47, 1.35) Rectal cancer RR = 1.28 (0.87, 1.89) |
Age, BMI, educational level, total energy, and quartiles of red meat, alcohol, and energy-adjusted folic acid and vitamin C intake |
| Sanz et al. (49) (Spain) |
Case-control (NA) | NA, 392, 1998 | Cases: 61.7 ± 10.8 Controls: 61.6 ± 9.8 | Questionnaire | Linkage to cancer register | 0.97 (0.95, 0.98) | Age, sex and geographical area |
| Kojima et al. (60) (Japan) | Cohort study (9.9) | Japan Collaborative Cohort Study, 107,824, 1988–1999 | 40–79 | Validated FFQ in Japanese diet (33 items) | The resident registration records of municipalities | Colon cancer: Seldom: Ref 1–2 per month: HR = 1.32 (0.74, 2.35) 1–7 per week: HR = 0.80 (0.42, 1.51) Rectal cancer: Seldom: Ref 1–2 per month: HR = 0.80 (0.39, 1.62) 1–7 per week: HR = 0.46 (0.21, 1.02) |
Age, family history of CRC, BMI, frequency of alcohol intake, current smoking status, walking time per day, and educational level and stratified by regions of enrollment |
| Pala et al. (45) (Italy) | Cohort study (12) | EPIC-Italy cohort, 45,241, 1993–1998 | 30–86 | Three validated semi-quantitative food questionnaires | Linkage of the study cohort to the databases of the regional cancer registries | 0–1 g/day: Ref 1–25 g/day: HR = 0.86 (0.65, 1.15) 25–87.5 g/day: HR = 0.65 (0.48, 0.89) |
Energy, animal fat, red meat intake, dietary calcium, dietary fiber and simple sugars, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking, education level, recreational activity, sporting and type of work |
| Kinany et al. (47) (Morocco) |
Case-control (NA) | NA, 2906, 2009–2017 | 41–71 | Validated FFQ (225 items) | Anatomo- pathology reports | CRC ≤44.0 g/day: Ref. > 44.0 g/day: OR = 0.74 (0.64, 0.86) Colon cancer ≤44.0 g/day: Ref. >44.0 g/day: OR = 0.72 (0.58, 0.89) Rectal cancer ≤44.0 g/day: Ref. > 44.0 g/day: OR = 0.76 (0.61, 0.93) |
Age in years, residence, education level, monthly income, physical activity intensity, smoking status, BMI categories, NSAIDS, total energy intake, intakes of red processed meat and dietary fiber, family history of CRC |
| Michels et al. (30) (U.S.) | Cohort study (32) | The NHS and HFPS cohort studies 126,323, 1980–2012 and 1986–2012 | 40–75 | Validated FFQ (61 items and 131 items) | Self-report and then confirmed by medical records and pathology reports | CRC Never or < 1 serving/month: Ref 1–3 servings/month: HR = 0.97 (0.87, 1.07) 1+ servings/week: HR = 0.89 (0.80, 1.00) Colon cancer Never or < 1 serving/month: Ref 1–3 servings/month: HR = 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) 1+ servings/week: HR = 0.87 (0.76, 0.99) Proximal colon cancer Never or < 1 serving/month: Ref 1–3 servings/month: HR = 0.92 (0.79, 1.08) 1+ servings/week: HR = 0.84 (0.70, 0.99) Distal cancer Never or < 1 serving/month: Ref 1–3 servings/month: HR = 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) 1+ servings/week: HR = 0.91 (0.74, 1.12) Rectal cancer Never or < 1 serving/month: Ref 1–3 servings/month: HR = 0.93 (0.75, 1.17) 1+ servings/week: HR = 0.95 (0.76, 1.21) |
Age, 2-year follow-up cycle, family history of CRC, history of lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, BMI, height, physical activity, pack-years of smoking before age 30, current multivitamin use, regular aspirin or NSAIDs use, parity in women and age at first birth in women, menopausal status and age at menopause, menopausal status and hormone use in women, total caloric intake, alcohol consumption, and energy-adjusted intake of folate, calcium, vitamin D, total fiber, unprocessed red meat, and processed meat |
| Negrichi et al. (48) (Algeria) | Case-control (NA) | NA, 400, 2016–2019 | 55.6 ± 13.0 (control) 55.2 ± 17.0 (case) | Validated FFQ | Medical diagnosed | Rarely: Ref Frequently: OR = 0.63 (0.41, 0.96) |
No adjustment was made for multiple testing |
| Nilsson et al. (56) (Sweden) | Cohort study (30) | Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study, 101,235, 1986–2016 | 45.9 ± 9.4 (referents) 54.9 ±8.3 (any cancer) | Semi-quantitative FFQ | Linkage to Sweden Cancer Register | Q5 vs. Q1 HR = 0.98 (0.77, 1.25) (men) HR = 0.90 (0.70, 1.15) (women) |
Age, screening year, dairy product category, BMI, civil status, education level, physical activity in leisure time, smoking status, recruitment cohort, and quintiles of fruit-and vegetables, alcohol, and energy intake |
| Barrubés et al. (50) (Spain) | Cohort study (9) | PREvencion con DIeta MEDiterranea study, 7216, 2003–2012 | 55–80 | Validated FFQ (137 items) | Medical records | 8 (1–22) g/day: Ref 65 (54–85) g/day: HR = 1.15 (0.70, 1.90) 128 (122–186) g/day: HR = 0.94 (0.56, 1.59) |
Intervention group, sex, age, leisure time physical activity, BMI, current smoker, former smoker, never smoker, family history of cancer, education level, history of diabetes and use of aspirin at baseline, tertiles of cumulative average consumption during the follow-up of vegetables, fruits, legumes, cereals, fish, meat, olive oil and nuts (all in g/day) and alcohol (g/day and quadratic term) |
| Tayyem et al. (51) (Jordan) | Case-control (NA) | NA, 501, 2010–2012 | ≥ 18 | Validated Arabic FFQ (30 items) | Face-to-face interview | Rarely: Ref. Monthly: OR = 1.06 (0.31, 3.62) Weekly: OR = 0.82 (0.29, 2.32) Daily: OR = 0.76 (0.25, 2.32) |
Age, sex, total energy, physical activity, smoking, education level, marital status, work, income, other health problems and CRC history |
| Murphy et al. (46) (Europe) | Cohort study (11) | EPIC, 477,122 (8), 1992–2010 | ≥ 35 | Diet and lifestyle questionnaires | Population cancer registries, kin health insurance records, cancer and pathology registries | CRC ≥ 109 g/day vs. 0 g/day: HR = 0.90 (0.81, 0.99) All colon cancer ≥ 109 g/day vs. 0 g/day: HR = 0.88 (0.77, 1.00) Proximal ≥ 109 g/day vs. 0 g/day: HR = 0.94 (0.79, 1.13) Distal ≥ 109 g/day vs. 0 g/day: HR = 0.84 (069, 1.02) Rectal cancer ≥ 109 g/day vs. 0 g/day: HR = 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) |
Total energy intake, body mass index, physical activity index, smoking status and intensity, education status, ever use of contraceptive pill, ever use of menopausal hormone therapy, menopausal status, alcohol consumption and intakes of red and processed meat and fiber, and stratified by age, sex and center |
HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; NHS, Nurses' Health Study; EPIC, the EuropeanProspective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; SD, standardized deviation; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk; HR, hazard ratio; BMI, body mass index; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; CRC, colorectal cancer; TCPS, Tennessee colorectal polyp study; U.S., United States; NSAIDS, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; NA, not available.