Table 1.
Characteristics of UK Biobank cohort.
| Characteristics | COVID-19 infection | p-value | COVID-19 related mortality | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 (n = 16,559) | Non-COVID-19 (n = 457,399) | Non-survival (n = 664) | Survival (n = 15,895) | |||
| Age to August 2021 (years), mean ± SD | 66.3 ± 8.6 | 69.3 ± 8.1 | <0.001 | 75.9 ± 5.7 | 65.9 ± 8.5 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male), N (%) | 7,802 (47.1) | 204,265 (44.7) | <0.001 | 442 (66.6) | 7,360 (46.3) | <0.001 |
| Education (degree), N (%) | 4,059 (25.1) | 150,588 (33.6) | <0.001 | 109 (17.1) | 3,950 (25.4) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity (white), N (%) | 14,764 (89.6) | 430,564 (94.6) | <0.001 | 605 (91.8) | 14,159 (89.5) | 0.062 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), N (%) | 5,071 (30.9) | 108,512 (23.9) | <0.001 | 283 (43.6) | 4,788 (30.4) | <0.001 |
| Overall health rating, N (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Excellent or good | 11,269 (68.6) | 344,120 (75.7) | 326 (49.8) | 10,943 (69.4) | ||
| Fair or poor | 5,151 (31.4) | 110,402 (24.3) | 329 (50.2) | 4,822 (30.6) | ||
| Employment (in paid), N (%) | 10,945 (66.6) | 267,164 (58.8) | 176 (26.6) | 10,769 (68.2) | <0.001 | |
| Townsend deprivation, mean ± SD | −0.7 ± 3.3 | −1.4 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | −0.2 ± 3.4 | −0.7 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| Usually walking pace, N (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Normal | 8,869 (54.3) | 239,183 (52.7) | 369 (57.2) | 8,500 (54.2) | ||
| Slow | 1,638 (10.0) | 33,234 (7.3) | 154 (23.9) | 1,484 (9.5) | ||
| Fast | 5,834 (35.7) | 181,323 (40.0) | 122 (18.9) | 5,712 (36.4) | ||
| Alcohol drinker status, N (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 1,020 (6.2) | 19,967 (4.4) | 46 (7.0) | 974 (6.2) | ||
| Previous | 668 (4.1) | 15,464 (3.4) | 47 (7.1) | 621 (3.9) | ||
| Current | 14,805 (89.8) | 420,504 (92.2) | 566 (85.9) | 14,239 (89.9) | ||
| Frequency of alcohol intake, N (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Never and special occasions only | 3,827 (23.2) | 87,536 (19.2) | 201 (30.4) | 3,626 (22.9) | ||
| Once a month-twice a week | 6,557 (39.7) | 169,333 (37.1) | 228 (34.5) | 6,329 (40.0) | ||
| ≥ 3 times a week | 6,118 (37.1) | 199,198 (43.7) | 232 (35.1) | 5,886 (37.2) | ||
| Alcohol consumption (dosage), mean ± SD | 14.2 ± 19.1 | 14.7 ± 17.8 | 0.001 | 13.7 ± 18.4 | 14.3 ± 19.1 | 0.5 |
| Alcohol consumption, dosage | <0.001 | 0.03 | ||||
| Never drinker, previous-drinkers or special occasions only | 5,880 (35.5) | 139,140 (30.4) | 269 (40.5) | 5,611 (35.3) | ||
| Within guidelines | 4,228 (25.5) | 128,376 (28.1) | 145 (21.8) | 4,083 (25.7) | ||
| Above guidelines | 3,539 (21.4) | 107,437 (23.5) | 135 (20.3) | 3,404 (21.4) | ||
| Double above the guidelines or more | 2,912 (17.6) | 82,446 (18.0) | 115 (17.3) | 2,797 (17.6) | ||
| Red wine drinkers, N (%) | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 10,366 (62.6) | 244,332 (53.4) | 455 (68.5) | 9,911 (62.4) | ||
| 1–2 glasses/week | 1,989 (12.0) | 66,151 (14.5) | 60 (9.0) | 1,929 (12.1) | ||
| 3–4 glasses/week | 1,514 (9.1) | 50,979 (11.1) | 61 (9.2) | 1,453 (9.1) | ||
| ≥ 5 glasses/week | 2,690 (16.2) | 95,937 (21.0) | 88 (13.3) | 2,602 (16.4) | ||
| White wine and champagne drinkers | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 11,271 (68.1) | 280,909 (61.4) | 501 (75.5) | 10,770 (67.8) | ||
| 1–2 glasses/week | 2,232 (13.5) | 75,360 (16.5) | 71 (10.7) | 2,161 (13.6) | ||
| 3–4 glasses/week | 1,198 (7.2) | 41,523 (9.1) | 39 (5.9) | 1,159 (7.3) | ||
| ≥ 5 glasses/week | 1,858 (11.2) | 59,607 (13.0) | 53 (8.0) | 1,805 (11.4) | ||
| Beer and cider drinkers, N (%) | <0.001 | 0.026 | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 10,122 (61.1) | 291,031 (63.6) | 393 (59.2) | 9,729 (61.2) | ||
| 1–2 glasses/week | 2,217 (13.4) | 70,897 (15.5) | 72 (10.8) | 2,145 (13.5) | ||
| 3–4 glasses/week | 1,269 (7.7) | 32,696 (7.1) | 61 (9.2) | 1,208 (7.6) | ||
| ≥ 5 glasses/week | 2,951 (17.8) | 62,775 (13.7) | 138 (20.8) | 2,813 (17.7) | ||
| Spirits drinkers, N (%) | <0.001 | 0.1 | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 12,587 (76.0) | 338,828 (74.1) | 480 (72.3) | 12,107 (76.2) | ||
| 1–2 glasses/week | 1,835 (11.1) | 61,352 (13.4) | 81 (12.2) | 1,754 (11.0) | ||
| 3–4 glasses/week | 842 (5.1) | 24,040 (5.3) | 39 (5.9) | 803 (5.1) | ||
| ≥ 5 glasses/week | 1,295 (7.8) | 33,179 (7.3) | 64 (9.6) | 1,231 (7.7) | ||
| Fortified wine drinkers, N (%) | <0.001 | 0.2 | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 15,774 (95.3) | 425,258 (93.0) | 630 (94.9) | 15,144 (95.3) | ||
| 1–2 glasses/week | 575 (3.5) | 24,524 (5.4) | 20 (3.0) | 555 (3.5) | ||
| 3–4 glasses/week | 106 (0.6) | 4,275 (0.9) | 8 (1.2) | 98 (0.6) | ||
| ≥ 5 glasses/week | 104 (0.6) | 3,342 (0.7) | 6 (0.9) | 98 (0.6) | ||
| Cerebrovascular diseases, N (%) | 489 (3.0) | 8,773 (1.9) | <0.001 | 69 (10.4) | 420 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 4,043 (24.4) | 96,140 (21.0) | <0.001 | 363 (54.7) | 3,680 (23.2) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular diseases, N (%) | 1,358 (8.2) | 30,985 (6.8) | <0.001 | 153 (23.0) | 1,205 (7.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 1,424 (8.6) | 24,830 (5.4) | <0.001 | 171 (25.8) | 1,253 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory disease, N (%) | 3,397 (20.5) | 72,131 (15.8) | <0.001 | 249 (37.5) | 3,148 (19.8) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, N (%) | 1,865 (11.3) | 58,892 (12.9) | <0.001 | 139 (20.9) | 1,726 (10.9) | <0.001 |