Table 3.
Odds ratios and 95% CIs for the association between alcohol consumption and COVID-19 risk, separated by amount of alcohol consumption.
| Variables (b) | Alcohol consumption, dosage | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Within guidelines | p-value | Above guidelines | p-value | Double above the guidelines or more | p-value | |
| Red wine drinkers | ||||||
| Non-drinkers | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1–2 glasses/week | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 0.01 | 0.80 (0.72–0.90) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) | 0.6 |
| 3–4 glasses/week | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) | 0.2 | 0.78 (0.70–0.88) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.80–1.09) | 0.4 |
| ≥ 5 glasses/week | 0.86 (0.73–1.02) | 0.1 | 0.71 (0.63–0.80) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.77–0.93) | <0.001 |
| White wine and champagne drinkers | ||||||
| Non-drinkers | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1–2 glasses/week | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) | 0.1 | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 0.4 | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.2 |
| 3–4 glasses/week | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.1 | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 0.063 | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 1.0 |
| ≥ 5 glasses/week | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | 0.4 | 0.84 (0.74–0.96) | 0.01 | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 0.7 |
| Beer and cider drinkers | ||||||
| Non-drinkers | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1–2 glasses/week | 1.10 (1.01–1.20) | 0.034 | 1.16 (1.05–1.29) | 0.004 | 1.03 (0.89–1.18) | 0.7 |
| 3–4 glasses/week | 1.26 (1.11–1.42) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.07–1.39) | 0.003 | 1.18 (1.01–1.39) | 0.035 |
| ≥ 5 glasses/week | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | 0.026 | 1.30 (1.13–1.50) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.19–1.53) | <0.001 |
| Spirits drinkers | ||||||
| Non-drinkers | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1–2 glasses/week | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 0.8 | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.3 | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.2 |
| 3–4 glasses/week | 1.15 (1.01–1.30) | 0.036 | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.8 | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | 0.5 |
| ≥ 5 glasses/week | 1.22 (1.06–1.41) | 0.007 | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 0.3 | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 0.8 |
| Fortified wine drinkers | ||||||
| Non-drinkers | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1–2 glasses/week | 0.79 (0.68–0.91) | 0.002 | 0.95 (0.82–1.09) | 0.5 | 0.90 (0.76–1.08) | 0.3 |
| 3–4 glasses/week | 1.01 (0.68–1.50) | 1.0 | 0.86 (0.63–1.17) | 0.3 | 0.99 (0.71–1.39) | 1.0 |
| ≥ 5 glasses/week | 0.59 (0.19–1.86) | 0.4 | 1.05 (0.74–1.48) | 0.8 | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | 0.4 |
Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, education, ethnicity, employment, BMI, overall health rating, Townsend, usually walking pace, cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, respiratory disease, cancer, amount of weekly intake level of alcohol consumption, red wine, champagne plus white wine, beer and cider, spirits, and fortified wine.