Table 3.
Example of studies designed to determine effects of post-biotic on gut microbiota and immune function.
| Subjects | Substrates | Dose | Duration | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 261 COBB 500 chicks | Inulin | 1%/d | 6 weeks | Increased number of total caecal microbiota and Bifdidobacteria, and decreased number of Enterobacteria and E. coli. In addition, CFS and inulin could stimulate the production of acetic acid in birds | (82) |
| 12 male lambs | RG14, RG11, and TL1 from Lactobacillus plantarum | 0.9%/d | 60 days | Regulate barrier integrity and function in lams through increased levels of tight junction protein, occludin, claudin-1 | (83) |
| 40 C57BL mice | Post-biotic HM0539 from LGG | 10 μg/d | 7 days | COX-2, and iNOS, subsequently suppressing production of PGE2 and NO | (84) |
| 300 male broilers | Post-biotics from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation | 10%/d | 35 days | Decrease levels of IL-6 and IL-1ß compared to control, and increase levels of tight junction protein, occludin, and claudin-1. | (85) |
| Murine macrophage cell line, J774A.1 cell | EPS was isolated from B. longum BCRC 14634 | 5 μg/mL | 24–48h | The proliferation of J77A.1 macrophage and their secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was elevated | (86) |
| Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes of 220.25 ± 3.3 and 170.2 ± 4.6 AU/mL | CFNS of associated Staphylococcus succinus strain (AAS2) | Exopolysaccharide (41.3 ± 0.6 mg/L/d) and lipase production (8.3 ± 0.3 mm/d) | 24h | Moderate level of exopolysaccharide and lipase production can reduce the viability of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia aerogenes | (66) |
| Ctreg isolated from 90 GF mices | SCFA production of species belonging to Clostridium cluster XI, XIV, XVII | Propionate (14–62 vs. 0.05–1.1 μmol/105 CFU) and acetate (118–220 vs. 0.1–2 μmol/105 CFU) | 3 weeks | Treatment significantly increased foxp3 and IL-10 expression, this suggests that SCFA specificity induces the Treg of foxp3 and IL-10 production | (87) |
CFNS, cell-free neutralised supernatant; IL-6, interleukin; COX-2, Inhibition effects on cyclooxygenase 2; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; GOS, galactooligosaccharide; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; NO, nitric oxide; IL-10, interleukin-10.