Table 1.
Extrinsic host factor profile including diet, stool consistency, and lifestyle in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis patients and control individuals.
| NMDAR Encephalitis | Control | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 58 | 49 | |
| Sex (F/M) | 36/22 | 31/18 | 0.9 b |
| Age (years), mean (SEM) | 34.4 (1.8) | 32.0 (1.5) | 0.4 c |
| Initial presentation | |||
| Psychogenic, n (%) | 28 (48.3) | 0 | |
| Seizure, n (%) | 15 (25.8) | 0 | |
| Other, n (%) | 15 (25.8) | 0 | |
| MRI, abnormality, n (%) | 30 (51.7) | 0 | |
| EEG, abnormality, n (%) | 40 (68.9) | 0 | |
| CSF, abnormality, n (%) | 29 (50) | 0 | |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 14 (24.1) | 0 | |
| NEOS score, median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 0 | |
| Gastrointestinal distress | 0.4 b | ||
| Frequently, n (%) | 4 (6.8) | 1 (2.0) | |
| Occasionally, n (%) | 16 (27.5) | 13 (26.5) | |
| None, n (%) | 38 (65.5) | 35 (71.4) | |
| Diarrhea (nearly 3 months) | 7 (12.0) | 5 (10.2) | 0.7 b |
| Defecation frequency | 0.001 b | ||
| 3 times/day, n (%) | 6 (10.3) | 1 (2.0) | |
| 1–2 times/day, n (%) | 21 (36.2) | 31 (42.8) | |
| Once/2 days, n (%) | 15 (25.8) | 17 (34.7) | |
| Once/3 days, n (%) | 16 (27.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Defecation consistency a | 0.1 b | ||
| Separate, hard lumps | 2 (3.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Lumpy, sausage-shaped | 5 (8.6) | 2 (4.1) | |
| Sausage-shaped with cracks | 8 (13.8) | 4 (8.1) | |
| Smooth and soft | 32 (55.2) | 28 (57.1) | |
| Soft with edges | 9 (15.5) | 15 (30.6) | |
| Mushy with ragged edges | 2 (3.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Liquid | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Dietary intake, median (IQR) | |||
| Energy | 1,827.2 (784.1–1988.2) | 2,492.6 (802.4–2,691.1) | <0.001 d |
| Protein | 73.1 (57.7–99.3) | 93.7 (69.4–125.7) | 0.01 d |
| Fat | 71.2 (32.8–108.4) | 82.2 (67.4–132.0) | 0.05 d |
| Fiber | 18.5 (9.9–32.6) | 23.9 (14.2–31.3) | 0.2 d |
| Carbohydrate | 232.9 (158.1–294.6) | 304.7 (219.4–479.5) | <0.001 d |
| Cholesterol | 128.3 (76.7–243.0) | 164.6 (109.7–270.8) | 0.5 d |
| Retinol equivalent | 818.3 (336.1–1,333.3) | 1,053.0 (694.8–1,368.0) | 0.5 d |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 0.3 d |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.4 (0.7–2.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.9) | 0.6 d |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 0.44 (0.3–0.0) | 0.34 (0.30–0.91) | 0.2 d |
| Folvite (μg) | 450.8 (290.3–478.2) | 473.9 (106.1–500.1) | 0.7 d |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 36.0 (16.9–61.3) | 49.6 (40.1–78.4) | 0.1 d |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 166.1 (62.9–274.9) | 211.9 (136.7–275.1) | 0.5 d |
| Na (mg) | 3,284.8 (928.3–7250.7) | 5,024.4 (3,585.5–7,265.2) | 0.1 d |
| Ca (mg) | 672.9 (217.9–1290.2) | 876.1 (620.5–1,135.0) | 0.2 d |
| Fe (mg) | 28.0 (17.3–44.3) | 35.1 (25.3–49.3) | 0.08 d |
| I (mg) | 3.0 (1.9–3.4) | 2.9 (0.7–3.2) | 0.7 d |
Measurement data are expressed as the median (IQR). NEOS score, delayed treatment, improvement delay, abnormal CSF and MRI were strongly associated with the probability of poor functional status.
IQR, interquartile range; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; EEG, electroencephalogram; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ICU, intensive care unit; NEOS score, anti-NMDAR encephalitis one-year functional status score
a
Defecation consistency was assessed by type 4 Bristol stool scale.
b
χ2 test.
c
Student’s t-test.
d
Mann–Whitney U test.