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. 2022 Jan 3;8:805812. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.805812

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Copyright © 2022 Hu, Zhou, Li, Zhao, Sun, Fan and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Serum metabolites were significantly changed and correlated with poor clinical outcomes in CHD-NAFLD patients. (A,B) Separation of serum metabolome between patients with CHD-NAFLD and patients with CHD under polar ionic negative mode and polar ionic positive mode, revealed by orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). (C) Distinct serum metabolites cluster analysis by Pearson correlation. Red ovals represent metabolic modules that contains metabolites that are enriched in CHD-NAFLDs. Green ovals are metabolic modules that contains metabolites depleted in CHD-NAFLD. (D) Relative abundance and variable importance in projection (VIP) value of several distinct serum metabolites annotated by Human Metabolites Data Base (HMDB). Blue box: relative abundance in CHD group. Red box: relative abundance in CHD-NAFLD group. The bars on the right show enrichment (highlighted in pink) or depletion (highlighted in green) of specific serum metabolites in CHD-NAFLD group when compared with CHD group. The VIP values are also presented. (E) Spearman analysis of the covariant relationship between key metabolome and adverse cardiovascular events. Pink font: serum metabolites enriched in CHD-NAFLD. Green font: serum metabolites depleted in CHD-NAFLD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.