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. 2021 Feb 25;71(2):322–332. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323703

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Clonal origin and spread of metastatic CRC. (A–F) Tumour clones were identified as clusters of mutations with similar cellular prevalence in each patient. Each tumour clone was represented by its estimated clonal frequency (left). Evolution trees of tumour clone for each case representing the metastasis direction from the primary tumour to liver and lung were illustrated (middle). The migration history was inferred for each case using machina (right). The driver genes of each clone were annotated. The most recent common ancestor for liver metastasis and lung metastasis were shaped as a square. Subclones were shaped as a hollow circle/square. CRC, colorectal cancer; LIM, liver metastasis; LUM, lung metastasis; PRM, primary tumour; TLN, thoracic lymph node.