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. 2022 Jan 3;8:815456. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.815456

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Hypothalamic regulation of food intake. The figure shows hypothalamic regulation of food intake involving various hypothalamus regions (ARC, VMH, LHA, PVH, and DMH). The NPY/AgRP pathway increases food intake, while the POMC/CART pathway triggers satiety. Adiponectin/ ghrelin, and cannabinoids all demonstrate food intake regulation by AMPK activation in the ARC or in VMH. Leptin reduces food intake by directly inhibiting AMPK in PVH or indirectly via POMC neurons in ARC. Black dotted arrows and red lines with blunted ends are showing inhibitory signals. Stimulatory signals are represented by blue and green arrows. On the figure, half circles in different colors show the locations of various receptors through which APDs work. ARC, Arcuate nucleus; VMH, Ventromedial hypothalamus; LHA, Lateral hypothalamus area; PVH, Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus; DMH, Dorsomedial hypothalamus; NPY/AgRP, Neuropeptide Y/ agouti-related peptide; POMC, Proopiomelanocortin; CART, Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; M3R, Muscarinic 3 receptor; BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GSH-R, Ghrelin receptor; MCR, Melanocortin receptor; CB1R, Cannabinoid receptor; 5HT2cR, 5-hydroxytryptamine 2c receptor (serotonin receptor); Leptin R, Leptin receptor; APDs Antipsychotics.