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. 2022 Jan 3;12:781597. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.781597

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Copyright © 2022 Zhou, Cheng, Sun, Shen, Nasser, Zhu, Zhang, Li, Yin, Wang, Wu and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The regulatory mechanisms of USCs and their secreted products. USCs and their secreted products, such as exosomes, extracellular vesicles, and USC-iPSCs, play an important role in disease the pathogeneses. USCs exert negative immunoregulatory functions and serve as antioxidants, as manifested by their increased SOD-1 levels and reduced HO-1 levels. USCs exert an antiautophagic effect, characterized by increased p62 levels and decreased levels of LC3-II and Beclin1. Furthermore, USCs promote angiogenesis mediated by VEGF, angiogenin, and PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Interestingly, their effect on apoptosis remains controversial, as they exhibit increased levels of the apoptotic protein Bax and decreased levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2.