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. 2022 Jan 3;9:787118. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.787118

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Copyright © 2022 Gao, Wang, Wang, Huang, Jing and Su.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Regulation of differentiation fate. The differentiation fate of BMSCs is specifically regulated by an increase in intracellular transcription factors (TFs), Osterix and PPARγ; signaling pathways; and microRNAs. In addition, extracellular elements such as hypoxia and mechanical stimulation are also involved in this vital process. Runx2, Runt-related transcription factor 2; BMP2, bone morphogenetic protein-2.