Table 3.

The potency of propolis against periodontal diseases clinically.

Condition or disease	Recruitment status	Bee product/form/Doses	Inclusion criteria	Type of the study/Clinical trials phase/No of participants	Mode of action	References
Dental plaque	Completed	Propolis/Tablet/Propolis tablet, twice a day, for 7 days, giving a 30 day interval between the test and the control tablet.	Age: 10–19 years/Eligible gender: Male and female/ Healthy volunteer without any caries	Interventional/Phase 2, 3/30 P	Causes decline of dental biofilm. Increasing the salivary pH value.	(97)
Dental plaque Gingivitis	Completed	Green propolis/Mouthwash (MGP 5%)/MGP 10 mL, twice a day, for 90 days	Eligible age: 18–60 years Eligible gender: Male and female	Interventional/Phase 2/25 P	Enhances teeth health. Reducing the number of plaques and gingivitis. Prevent infection caused by bacteria in the oral cavity.	(98)
Dental pulp necrosis Periapical abscess Root canal infection	Completed	Ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) mixed with ciprofloxacin or metronidazole powder in the ratio (1:1)/Antibiotic paste/antibiotic paste was injected in canals by using a sterile plastic syringe, for 18 months	Eligible age: 8 to 18 years Eligible gender: Male and female Patients with: Previous trauma and the anterior teeth with the immature apex	Interventional/Phase 4/40 P	Improvement in root formation. Slight difference in root thickness and length.	(99)
Caries dental caries risk	Completed	Chlorhexidine (12%), propolis (1%) and clove oil (1%)/Mouthwash/Propolis mouthwash, divided into 2 groups as T1 one time per day and T2 twice per day, for one week every month, for 6 months	Eligible age: 8 to 18 years Eligible gender: Male and female Patient with severe risk for caries	Interventional/phase/Not applicable/64 P	Not reported	(100)
Caries risk	Unknown	Propolis/Tooth paste/twice a day, for 6 months	Eligible age: > 18 years Eligible gender: Male and female Patient with high risk for caries. Not take any medicine no interfere with salvia	Interventional, Phase not applicable/40 P	Not reported	(101)
Early childhood caries	Completed	Propolis/Chewing gum propolis/Mouthwash/Propolis 2%, twice daily, for 2 weeks	Eligible age: 6 to 8 years Eligible gender: Male and female Patients with high risk for caries and not having any systematic condition	Interventional/Phase 2/60 P	Not reported	(102)
Streptococcal infections Saliva altered	Completed	Propolis/Varnish/Green propolis 15%, for 30 days after the application of propolis varnish	Eligible age: 8 to 10 years/Eligible gender: Male and female For 3 weeks before the experiment. The patient who do not use any mouthwash or drug especially antibiotics	Interventional/Phase 1, 2/11 P	Inhibition of microorganisms of oral cavity especially Streptococcus mutans. Inhibition of biofilm formation.	(103)
Dentin caries	Completed	Propolis/Extract/Propolis, time treatment for first group was one month) and second group was 3 months.	Eligible age: 18 to 80 years Eligible gender: Male and female	Interventional/Phase not applicable/80 P	Not reported	(104)
Chronic periodontitis	Unknown	Propolis	Eligible age: 25 to 50 years Eligible gender: Male and female	Interventional/Phase not applicable/20 P	Not reported	(105)
Periodontitis	Unknown	Alcohol-free mouthwash containing 5% green propolis	Eligible age: 18 to 60 years Eligible gender: Male and female	Interventional/Phase 3/2 P	Not reported	(106)