TABLE 2.
Summarized experimental effects of O. basilicum on the respiratory system.
| Part of plant | Disease model | Brief results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leaf | Bronchospasm | Reduction of the tracheal smooth muscle contractile tone | (Janbaz et al., 2014; Eftekhar et al., 2019b) |
| Linalool and eugenol | Bronchospasm | Reduction of the tracheal smooth muscle contractile tone | (Shabir et al., 2014; Silveira et al., 2017) |
| Seed | Asthma | Suppressed gene expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, 5, and 13) and mucus discharge in the airways | (S. M. Athari et al., 2018) |
| Seed | Asthma | Inhibition of the expression of Th2 upstream cytokines including IL-8, 9, 11, 25, 33 and eotaxin and hyperplasia in goblet cell in allergic asthma | Nasaba et al. (2020) |
| Essence | Allergic asthma | Increase in PLA2, IgE, IL-4, and TP levels and reduction of the IFN-γ/IL-4 level | Eftekhar et al. (2019a) |
| Seed | COPD | Inhibition of the apoptosis caused by H2O2-oxidative stress in respiratory cells | Vardhan (2013) |
| Apigenin, linalool, and ursolic acid | Bronchitis | Antiviral effect against adenovirus | Amber et al. (2017) |
| Aerial parts | Lung cancer | Suppressed viability of A549 cells, which might due to the activation of apoptotic signaling and the inhibition of anti-apoptotic cascades | Arshad Qamar et al. (2010) |