Table 2.
Presence of FMc in different maternal systems and organs in both animal models (rodents and rhesus monkeys) and humans, including the cell type they contribute to and the cell markers they express
| System | Organ | Species | Cell markers | Cell type | Diseases | Possible function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardio-vascular | Blood | Rodent | ITGAM, ITGB1, CD44, ENG | Hematopoietic cells | Myocardial infarction | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration |
| Monkey | CD34 | Hematopoietic stem cells or endothelial cells | – | Stem cells source | ||
| Human | CD34, CD38, CD4, CD8, | Hematopoietic cells, endothelial cell, lymphocytes T | Systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, myocardial infarction, cesarean | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration, active immune response | ||
| Heart | Rodent | α-sarcomeric actin, α-actinin, Nkx2.5, CDX2, CD31, Sca-1, C-kit, CD34, Sox, Pou5f1, Nanog CD31, VE-cadherin, ENG | Mature and immature cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, trophoblasts, cardiac progenitor cells, hematopoietic stem cells, embryonic stem cells | Myocardial infarction | Protective, angiogenesis, tissue repair, regeneration, stem cells source | |
| Monkey | CD34 | Hematopoietic stem cells or endothelial cells | – | Stem cells source | ||
| Human | α-actinin | Cardiomyocytes | Explanted heart | Protective, angiogenesis, tissue repair regeneration | ||
| Nervous | Brain | Rodent | MAP2, NeuN, GFAP, NG2, CD45, β3-tubulin, DCX, nestin, PSA-NCAM, calbindin | Neuron, oliodendrocytes, astrocytes, macrophages | Lesion with NMDA, Parkinson | Protective, neurogenesis angiogenesis,, tissue repair regeneration, stem cells source |
| Human | – | – | Alzheimer, glioblastoma, meningiomas | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration | ||
| Spinal cord | Rodent | NeuN | Neuron | – | Protective, neurogenesis | |
| Respiratory | Lung | Rodent | ITGAM, ITGB1, CD44, CD34, CD105, ENG, PECAM, PTPRC, CXRC4 | Endothelial cells, lymphocytes, hematopoietic stem cells | – | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration, stem cells source, active immune response |
| Human | CD14, CD3, CD4, CD8 | Macrophages, lymphocytes T | Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, primary adenocarcinoma, Sjogren's syndrome | Active immune response, protective | ||
| Excretory | Kidney | Rodent | ITGB1, PECAM | Endothelial cells | Nephropathy | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration, |
| Human | CD34, CD3 | Hematopoietic stem cells, lymphocytes | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Active immune response | ||
| Reproductive | Uterus | Human | Cytokeratin, CD45 | Endothelial cells, lymphocytes | Cervical cancer | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration, active immune response, lower cancer risk |
| Breasts | Human | Cytokeratin, vimentin | Epithelial and mesenchymal cells | Mammary carcinoma | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration, stem cells source, lower cancer risk | |
| Ovary | Human | – | – | Ovarian cancer | Lower cancer risk | |
| Integumentary | Skin | Rodent | VWF, LYVE-1, CD45 | Endothelial cells, lymphocytes | Immunocompromised | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration, active immune response |
| Monkey | CD34 | Hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial cells | – | Stem cells source | ||
| Human | CD31, CD34, CD35 | Endothelial cells, lymphocytes | Dermal fibrosis, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, melanoma | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration, active immune response, carcinogenic | ||
| Digestive | Liver | Rodent | ITGAM, ITGB1, CD44, CD34, PECAM, ENG, PTPRC | Hepatocytes, endothelial cells, hematopoietic stem cells, lymphocytes | Chemical injury, hepatectomy, immunocompromised, | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration, stem cells source, active immune response |
| Monkey | CD34 | Hematopoietic stem cells or endothelial cells | – | Stem cells source | ||
| Human | Heppar-1, cytokeratin CAM-5.2 | Hepatocytes | Primary biliary cirrhosis, hepatitis C | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration | ||
| Pancreas | Rodent | – | – | Pancreatitis | – | |
| Intestine | Human | Cytokeratin, CD45 | Endothelial cells, lymphocytes | Colorectal cancer | Active immune response, carcinogenic, increased cancer risk | |
| Gallbladder | Human | Cytokeratin, CD45 | Endothelial cells, lymphocytes | – | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration, active immune response | |
| Immune | Bone marrow | Rodent | CD19, IgM, ITGAM, ENG, PTPRC | Endothelial cells, lymphocytes B | – | Activate immune response, |
| Thymus | Rodent | CD3, CD4, CD8, SLAMF1 | Lymphocytes T | – | Activate immune response | |
| Spleen | Rodent | CD19, IgM, ITGAM, CD44, PECAM, PTPRC | Endothelial cells, lymphocytes B | – | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration, active immune response | |
| Monkey | CD34 | Hematopoietic stem cells or endothelial cells | – | Stem cells source | ||
| Human | Cytokeratin, CD45 | Epithelial cells, Lymphocytes | – | Protective, tissue repair, regeneration, active immune response | ||
| Lymph nodes | Rodent | CD45 | Lymphocytes | – | Activate immune response | |
| Monkey | CD34 | Hematopoietic stem cells or endothelial cells | – | Stem cells source | ||
| Human | Cytokeratin, CD45 | Epithelial cells, Lymphocytes | Cancer | Activate immune response | ||
| Endocrine | Thyroid | Rodent | CD45, CD8, CD4, CD11c | Lymphocytes T, dendritic cells | Thyroidectomy | Activate immune response |
| Monkey | CD34 | Hematopoietic stem cells or endothelial cells | – | Stem cells source | ||
| Human | CD45, CD20, CD3, thyroglobulin | Endothelial cells, epithelial cells, lymphocytes | Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, thyroid adenomas, papillary thyroid cancer | Activate immune response, protective | ||
| Appendix | Human | CD3 | Lymphocytes | Appendectomy | Activate immune response | |
| Suprarenal glad | Human | – | – | Systemic sclerosis | Activate immune response | |
| Monkey | CD34 | Hematopoietic stem cells or endothelial cells | – | Stem cells source | ||
| Salivary glad | Human | – | – | Systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome | Activate immune response | |
| Pituitary glad | Monkey | CD34 | Hematopoietic stem cells or endothelial cells | – | Stem cells source |