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. 2021 Dec 9;6:100057. doi: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2021.100057

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Hierarchical levels of the full skeleton and of whole bones. (A,B) A mouse skeleton imaged using microcomputed tomography (µCT). The same structural plan can be observed in the skeletons of mammals: here, the murine spine shows the same principle curves as the human spine – cervical and lumbar lordosis (convexity oriented forwards) and thoracic kyphosis (concavity oriented forwards). (C, D, E) Individual bones (imaged by µCT) scaled to the same figure height: sheep femur (C) with its shallow c-shaped curvature, partridge humerus (D) with an s-shaped curvature, and squirrel humerus (E) showing a screw-shape geometry.