Figure 16.

(A) Schematic on the targeting of glomerular mesangial cells through the glucose ligand-modified liposome encapsulating AXT. (B) AXT antioxidative activities (i), the surplus rate of AXT in H₂O₂ scavenging (ii), the cell viability of GLU-LIP, AXT, and AXT-GLU-LIP samples in the exposure of human renal mesangial cells (HRMCs) at different concentrations for 24 h (iii), the cellular uptake of DiO-labeled samples through HRMCs (iv), the level of ROS for different samples in the exposure of HRMCs (v). The p values, including *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001, represent a significant difference between the samples and HG. Abbreviations: 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), liposome (LIP), glocuse ligand (GLU), yolk lecithin (EPC), diabetic cell model (HG), negative control (NC), and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). Reprinted from ref (292) with permission from Elsevier.