. 2022 Jan 17;22:43. doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-04344-w

Table 4.

Secondary outcomes (intention to treat analysis)

Secondary outcomes	Absolute event rate (n) (cluster n = 40)	RD 95%CIa^a	OR 95%CI^b
Traditional childbirth
Total traditional childbirths ^{c d}	0.19 (75/394)	0.11 (48/457)	0.10 0.02 to 0.18	2.95 1.27 to 6.84
Childbirth with traditional midwife ^c	0.31 (123/392)	0.20 (90/456)	0.14 0.03 to 0.25	2.49 2.20 to 5.17
Childbirth at home	0.40 (158/394)	0.25 (114/454)	0.04 − 0.11 to 0.19	1.13 0.52 to 2.45
Vertical childbirth^c	0.29 (111/388)	0.18 (81/454)	0.12 0.03 to 0.22	2.38 1.26 to 4.47
Company of family during childbirth ^c	0.63 (244/390)	0.46 (205/450)	0.17 0.06 to 0.28	2.21 1.41 to 3.48
Intention of future childbirth at WHC ^c	0.64 (244/379)	0.80 (362/453)	−0.17 − 0.26 to − 0.07	0.37 0.21 to 0.66
Traditional midwife saw the woman at least once	0.78 (406/523)	0.73 (458/624)	0.06 −0.02 to 0.14	1.47 0.93 to 2.33
Access to health care services
Woman went to WHC for antenatal care	0.95 (497/523)	0.96 (590/618)	0.00 −0.04 to 0.03	1.04 0.49 to 2.22
At least 5 check-ups with WHC	0.71 (264/376)	0.74 (323/437)	−0.03 − 0.12 to 0.05	0.88 0.57 to 1.36
Gestational age of first recourse to WHC*	3.0 (0.3, n = 392)	3.0 (0.1, n = 459)
Traditional midwife advised visiting WHC	0.79 (246/310)	0.82 (292/356)	−0.06 −0.19 to 0.07	0.87 0.55 to 1.37
Childbirth with Western provider ^e	0.61 (238/392)	0.75 (340/456)	− 0.01 − 0.16 to 0.11	0.88 0.39 to 1.99
Antenatal care with traditional midwife and childbirth with Western provider	0.68 (161/237)	0.70 (237/340)	− 0.02 − 0.12 to 0.08	1.09 0.66 to 1.82
Unattended childbirths	0.08 (31/392)	0.06 (26/456)	0.02 −0.02 to 0.06	1.58 0.74 to 3.35
Paid for childbirth	0.38 (138/367)	0.24 (106/443)	0.12 − 0.02 to 0.25	1.83 0.95 to 3.52
Paid for childbirth with Western provider ^c	0.28 (62/225)	0.13 (44/331)	0.14 0.04 to 0.24	2.67 1.26 to 5.66
Average cost of childbirth (USD)*	68.6 (28.7, n = 138)	84.3 (14.7, n = 106)
Childbirth in Western facility
The woman chose childbirth position	0.60 (139/231)	0.61 (205/336)	−0.08 − 0.24 to 0.08	0.97 0.57 to 1.66
Translator during childbirth (if needed)	0.42 (63/151)	0.32 (83/262)	0.04 −0.09 to 0.18	1.59 0.94 to 2.69
Woman had to bathe with cold water ^c	0.60 (138/231)	0.45 (154/341)	0.10 0.02 to 0.19	1.72 0.99 to 3.00
The woman received the placenta^c	0.56 (130/232)	0.21 (69/335)	0.34 0.21 to 0.48	6.15 3.24 to 11.7
Retention of amulets	0.30 (68/229)	0.27 (89/335)	0.03 −0.09 to 0.15	1.18 0.67 to 2.06
The woman felt she was treated with respect	0.89 (210/237)	0.92 (312/338)	−0.04 − 0.12 to 0.03	0.67 0.31 to 1.42
Behaviours
Woman eats same or more than usual during pregnancy	0.22 (85/394)	0.28 (125/453)	−0.05 − 0.11 to 0.02	0.74 0.50 to 1.10
Woman works less than usual during pregnancy	0.37 (144/394)	0.39 (177/457)	−0.01 − 0.10 to 0.09	0.90 0.62 to 1.30

Secondary outcomes

Absolute event rate
(n)
(cluster n = 40)

RD
95%CIa^a

OR
95%CI^b

Intervention

Control

Traditional childbirth

Total traditional childbirths ^{c d}

0.19

(75/394)

0.11

(48/457)

0.10

0.02 to 0.18

2.95

1.27 to 6.84

Childbirth with traditional midwife ^c

0.31

(123/392)

0.20

(90/456)

0.14

0.03 to 0.25

2.49

2.20 to 5.17

Childbirth at home

0.40

(158/394)

0.25

(114/454)

0.04

− 0.11 to 0.19

1.13

0.52 to 2.45

Vertical childbirth^c

0.29

(111/388)

0.18

(81/454)

0.12

0.03 to 0.22

2.38

1.26 to 4.47

Company of family during childbirth ^c

0.63

(244/390)

0.46

(205/450)

0.17

0.06 to 0.28

2.21

1.41 to 3.48

Intention of future childbirth at WHC ^c

0.64

(244/379)

0.80

(362/453)

−0.17

− 0.26 to − 0.07

0.37

0.21 to 0.66

Traditional midwife saw the woman at least once

0.78

(406/523)

0.73

(458/624)

0.06

−0.02 to 0.14

1.47

0.93 to 2.33

Access to health care services

Woman went to WHC for antenatal care

0.95

(497/523)

0.96

(590/618)

0.00

−0.04 to 0.03

1.04

0.49 to 2.22

At least 5 check-ups with WHC

0.71

(264/376)

0.74

(323/437)

−0.03

− 0.12 to 0.05

0.88

0.57 to 1.36

Gestational age of first recourse to WHC*

3.0

(0.3, n = 392)

3.0

(0.1, n = 459)

Traditional midwife advised visiting WHC

0.79

(246/310)

0.82

(292/356)

−0.06

−0.19 to 0.07

0.87

0.55 to 1.37

Childbirth with Western provider ^e

0.61

(238/392)

0.75

(340/456)

− 0.01

− 0.16 to 0.11

0.88

0.39 to 1.99

Antenatal care with traditional midwife and childbirth with Western provider

0.68

(161/237)

0.70

(237/340)

− 0.02

− 0.12 to 0.08

1.09

0.66 to 1.82

Unattended childbirths

0.08

(31/392)

0.06

(26/456)

0.02

−0.02 to 0.06

1.58

0.74 to 3.35

Paid for childbirth

0.38

(138/367)

0.24

(106/443)

0.12

− 0.02 to 0.25

1.83

0.95 to 3.52

Paid for childbirth with Western provider ^c

0.28

(62/225)

0.13

(44/331)

0.14

0.04 to 0.24

2.67

1.26 to 5.66

Average cost of childbirth (USD)*

68.6

(28.7, n = 138)

84.3

(14.7, n = 106)

Childbirth in Western facility

The woman chose childbirth position

0.60

(139/231)

0.61

(205/336)

−0.08

− 0.24 to 0.08

0.97

0.57 to 1.66

Translator during childbirth (if needed)

0.42

(63/151)

0.32

(83/262)

0.04

−0.09 to 0.18

1.59

0.94 to 2.69

Woman had to bathe with cold water ^c

0.60

(138/231)

0.45

(154/341)

0.10

0.02 to 0.19

1.72

0.99 to 3.00

The woman received the placenta^c

0.56

(130/232)

0.21

(69/335)

0.34

0.21 to 0.48

6.15

3.24 to 11.7

Retention of amulets

0.30

(68/229)

0.27

(89/335)

0.03

−0.09 to 0.15

1.18

0.67 to 2.06

The woman felt she was treated with respect

0.89

(210/237)

0.92

(312/338)

−0.04

− 0.12 to 0.03

0.67

0.31 to 1.42

Behaviours

Woman eats same or more than usual during pregnancy

0.22

(85/394)

0.28

(125/453)

−0.05

− 0.11 to 0.02

0.74

0.50 to 1.10

Woman works less than usual during pregnancy

0.37

(144/394)

0.39

(177/457)

−0.01

− 0.10 to 0.09

0.90

0.62 to 1.30

WHC Western health care facility, RD risk difference, OR odds ratio

^aBaseline-adjusted cluster-level analysis using t-test as presented by Campbell, 2014

^bOR and confidence intervals calculated with a GLMM using lme4 package in R

^csignificant differences at the 5% level

^dat home, with traditional midwife and family and in preferred vertical position

^edoctor, nurse or health promotor

*Average (standard deviation SD, n)