Table 1.
Butyrate Production Values from Published Studies of Humans and Nonhuman Primates.
| Species | Concentration | Proportion of SCFA | Method | Substrates | Study | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Platyrrhine | ||||||
| Alouatta pigra | 1.7–2.8 mM | — | Fecal metabolite concentration | NA | Amato et al. (2015) | — |
| Cercopithecoid | ||||||
| Cercopithecus neglectus | 7.53 mM | 16.42 mol% | In vitro fermentation (12 h) | Blended species-specific diet | Lambert and Fellner (2012) | Captive individuals |
| Colobus guereza | 5.96 mM | 10.43 mol% | In vitro fermentation (12 h) | Blended species-specific diet | Lambert and Fellner (2012) | Captive individuals |
| Papio hamadryas | 9.04 mM | 10.86 mol% | In vitro fermentation (12 h) | Blended species-specific diet | Lambert and Fellner (2012) | Captive individuals |
| Papio hamadryas | 17.80 mM | 31.43 mol% | In vitro fermentation (24 h) | Blended species-specific diet | McKenney et al. (2014) | Captive individuals |
| Macaca fascicularis | — | 3 mol% | Fecal metabolite concentration | NA | Nagpal et al. (2018) | Captive individuals |
| Macaca mulatta | 4.41–4.57 nmol/g | — | Fecal metabolite concentration | NA | Hasegawa et al. (2018) | Captive individuals, juveniles only |
| Ape | ||||||
| Gorilla gorilla | 9.01 mM | 13.00 mol% | In vitro fermentation (12 h) | Blended species-specific diet | Lambert and Fellner (2012) | Captive individuals |
| Gorilla gorilla | 19.47 mM | 28.57 mol% | In vitro fermentation (24 h) | Blended species-specific diet | McKenney et al. (2014) | Captive individuals |
| Pan troglodytes | 7.30 mM | 9.20 mol% | In vitro fermentation (12 h) | Blended species-specific diet | Lambert and Fellner (2012) | Captive individuals |
| Pan troglodytes | 8.94 mM | 16.45 mol% | In vitro fermentation (24 h) | Blended species-specific diet | McKenney et al. (2014) | Captive individuals |
| Gorilla gorilla | — | 8.4–12 mol% | Fecal metabolite concentration | NA | Gomez et al. (2015) | — |
| Human | ||||||
| Humans—Industrialized | — | 8–26 mol% | In vitro fermentation (24 h) | Pectin, gum Arabic, oat bran, wheat bran, and cellulose | Bugaut and Bentéjac (1993) | — |
| Humans—Industrialized | 3.0–23.7 mM | 8.4–13.6 mol% | In vitro fermentation (7 days) | Amylopectin, pectin, inulin (dahlia), xylan (oat), and inulin (chicory) | Duncan et al. (2003) | — |
| Humans—Industrialized | 26.1 μmol/ml | — | Cecum metabolite concentration | NA | Bugaut and Bentéjac (1993) | — |
| Humans—Industrialized | 4.36–17.67 mM | 7–16 mol% | Fecal metabolite concentration | NA | Duncan et al. (2007) | — |
| Humans—Industrialized | — | 3 mol% | Fecal metabolite concentration | NA | Nagpal et al. (2018) | — |
| Humans—Industrialized | 0.675 ± 0.71 μmol/g | 16.60 ± 5.2% | Fecal metabolite concentration | NA | Schnorr et al. (2014) | — |
| Humans—Nonindustrialized | 0.601 ± 0.43 μmol/g | 12.16 ± 4.5% | Fecal metabolite concentration | NA | Schnorr et al. (2014) | — |