. 2022 Jan;33(1):59–76. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2021040554

Table 1.

Summary of studies included in the meta-analysis

Study	Inclusion Criteria	n	Intervention	Control	Mean Age (yrs)	Primary Outcome	Baseline Kidney Function	Mean Baseline Serum Phosphate (mg/dl)	Follow- Up (mos)	Industry-sponsored Funding
Russo 2007⁴⁰	CKD Stage 3–5; without cardiovascular disease	90	Low phosphate diet versus sevelamer	Calcium carbonate	54	Coronary artery calcification	eGFR 26.2–33.4 ml/min per 1.73 m²	3.9–4.6	24	Nil
Block 2012 (PNT)²²	eGFR 20–40ml/m in per 1.73m²; serum phosphate >3.5 mg/dl, <6.0 mg/dl	148	Lanthanum carbonate versus calcium versus sevelamer	Placebo	68	Serum phosphate	eGFR 32 ml/min per 1.73 m²	4.2	9	Genzyme, Davita, Fresenius, Novartis
Di Iorio 2012³⁴	CKD Stage 3–4	239	Sevelamer	Calcium carbonate	57.9	All-cause Mortality	CrCl 32.7 ml/min	4.8	36	Nil
Chue 2013 (CRIB- PHOS)²⁴	CKD Stage 3; serum phosphate 2.5– 5.6 mg/dl	120	Sevelamer carbonate	Placebo	55	Left ventricular mass (MRI)	eGFR 50 ml/min per 1.73 m²	3.2	10	Genzyme
Isakova 2013³⁵	CKD Stage 3–4; serum phosphate 2.5– 4.6 mg/dl	39	Low phosphate diet (900 mg)/placebo versus normal diet/lanthanum versus low phosphate diet/lanthanum	Placebo/normal diet	55.4	Serum FGF23	eGFR 37.8 ml/min per 1.73 m²	3.6	3	Shire
Seifert 2013²³	CKD Stage 3	38	Lanthanum carbonate	Placebo	61.5	Serum phosphate	CrCl 47 ml/min 1.73 m²	3.4	12	Shire
Soriano 2013⁴¹	CKD Stage 4–5; serum phosphate > 4 mg/dl	32	Lanthanum, carbonate	Calcium carbonate	60.4	Serum FGF23	eGFR 16.5 ml/min per 1.73 m²	4.95	4	Nil
Lemos 2013³⁶	CKD Stage 3–5	117	Sevelamer hydrochloride versus rosuvastatin	Standard of care	56.4	Coronary artery calcification	eGFR 35.8 ml/min per 1.73 m²	3.8	24	Genzyme
Yokoyama 2014⁴²	CKD Stage 3–5; serum phosphate ≥5.0-<8.0 mg/dl	90	Ferric citrate	Placebo	65.1	Serum phosphate	eGFR 9.21 ml/min per 1.73 m²	5.63	3	Japan Tobacco
Ureña- Torres 2014³⁷	CKD Stage 3; serum phosphate 0.808–1.55 mmol/L)	35	Lanthanum carbonate	Placebo	67	Serum intact FGF23	eGFR 44.4 ml/min per 1.73 m²	NR	3	Shire
Block 2015⁴³	CKD Stage 3–5; serum phosphate >4.0– 6.0 mg/dl	149	Ferric citrate	Placebo	65	Serum phosphate and transferrin saturations	eGFR 24.3 ml/min per 1.73 m²	4.6	3	Keryx Biopharmaceuticals
Akizawa 2016⁴⁶	CKD Stage 3–5; serum phosphate >4.6 mg/dl	163	Bixalomer	Placebo	64.2	Serum phosphate	eGFR 10.1 ml/min per 1.73 m²	5.28	3	Astellas
Fishbane 2017⁴⁷	CKD Stage 3–5; serum phosphate >3.5 mg/dl	232	Ferric citrate	Placebo	65.4	Hemoglobin	eGFR 28.6 ml/min per 1.73 m²	4.2	4	Keryx Biopharmaceuticals
Liabeuf 2017³⁸	CKD Stage 3–4b; serum phosphate >3.1 mg/dl	78	Sevelamer carbonate	Placebo	63	Serum c- terminal FGF23	eGFR 27 ml/min per 1.73 m²	3.7	3	Sanofi/Genzyme
Kovesdy 2018²⁵	CKD Stage 3–4; serum phosphate >4.6 mg/dl	120	Lanthanum carbonate	Calcium acetate	66.1	Biochemical outcomes (serum phosphate, calcium, PTH)	eGFR 32 ml/min per 1.73 m²	3.8	12	Shire
Riccio 2018⁴⁴	CKD Stage 3–5	69	Sevelamer hydrochloride	Placebo	Between 54.7–56.9	P-cresol levels	eGFR 38.3–39.1 ml/min per 1.73 m²	4.3–4.4	3	Nil
Block 2019⁴⁵	eGFR ≤20 ml/min per 1.73 m²	203	Ferric citrate	Standard of care	Between 61.1–63.1	Biochemical outcomes (serum phosphate, FGF23,	eGFR between 14.2–14.5 ml/min per 1.73 m²	4.4–4.5	9	Keryx Biopharmaceuticals
						PTH) and hemoglobin
Ix 2019²⁶	eGFR 20–40 ml/min per 1.73m²; serum phosphate ≥2.8 mg/dl	205	Nicotinamide versus lanthanum carbonate	Placebo	69	Serum phosphate and FGF23	eGFR 32 ml/min per 1.73 m²	3.7	12	Medications provided by Shire and Endurance
Ruggiero 2019³⁹	eGFR >15ml/min per 1.73m²; serum phosphate 2.5–5.5 mg/dl	53	Sevelamer carbonate	Standard of care	55	24-hour proteinuria	eGFR 49 ml/min per 1.73 m²	3.8	3	Sanofi
Toussaint 2020²⁷	CKD Stage 3–4b; serum phosphate ≥ 3.10 mg/dl	278	Lanthanum carbonate	Placebo	63.1	Carotid- femoral PWV	eGFR 21.8 ml/min per 1.73 m²	3.87	24	Shire

CrCl, creatinine clearance; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.