Table 4.
Attitudes toward potential applications of the COVID-19 contact tracing app Coronalert in Belgium.
| Questions and responses | Total sample (N=1850) | Nonusers of Coronalert (n=1201) | Users of Coronalert (n=649) | t test (df) | P value | Cohen d | |||||||||
| Information and advice | |||||||||||||||
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Through a questionnaire that is integrated in the app that questions users about symptoms, you should be able to assess if you are infected with the coronavirus | ||||||||||||||
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Response score, mean (SD)a | N/Ab | 3.27 (1.12) | 3.79 (1.12) | –9.61 (1848)c | <.001c | 0.46c | |||||||
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Response, n (%) | |||||||||||||
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Not agree | 150 (8.1) | 123 (10.2) | 27 (4.2) |
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Rather disagree | 159 (8.6) | 93 (7.7) | 66 (10.2) |
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Not agree/not disagree | 620 (33.5) | 495 (41.2) | 125 (19.3) |
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Rather agree | 544 (29.4) | 317 (26.4) | 227 (35.0) |
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Agree | 377 (20.4) | 173 (14.4) | 204 (31.4) |
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Through the app, you should be able to be informed about how many individuals in your neighborhood are infected with the coronavirus | ||||||||||||||
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Response score, mean (SD) | N/A | 3.25 (1.14) | 3.70 (1.24) | –7.551 (1239) | <.001 | 0.38 | |||||||
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Response, n (%) | |||||||||||||
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Not agree | 186 (10.1) | 122 (10.2) | 64 (9.9) |
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Rather disagree | 177 (9.6) | 131 (10.9) | 46 (7.1) |
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Not agree/not disagree | 538 (29.1) | 437 (36.4) | 101 (15.6) |
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Rather agree | 592 (32.0) | 342 (28.5) | 250 (38.5) |
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Agree | 357 (19.3) | 169 (14.1) | 188 (29.0) |
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Through the app, you should be able to be informed that you visited a place where one or several persons were present who were infected with the coronavirus | ||||||||||||||
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Response score, mean (SD) | N/A | 3.55 (1.34) | 4.21 (0.93) | –13.62 (1565) | <.001 | 0.54 | |||||||
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Response, n (%) | |||||||||||||
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Not agree | 134 (7.2) | 116 (9.7) | 18 (2.8) |
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Rather disagree | 54 (2.9) | 37 (3.1) | 17 (2.6) |
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Not agree/not disagree | 443 (23.4) | 366 (30.5) | 67 (10.3) |
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Rather agree | 693 (37.5) | 440 (36.6) | 253 (39.0) |
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Agree | 536 (29.0) | 242 (20.1) | 294 (45.3) |
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Through the app, you should be able to receive advice on how you can better protect yourself against the coronavirus | ||||||||||||||
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Response score, mean (SD) | N/A | 3.38 (1.8) | 3.92 (1.01) | –10.03 (1418) | <.001 | 0.37 | |||||||
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Response, n (%) | |||||||||||||
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Not agree | 154 (8.3) | 123 (10.2) | 31 (4.8) |
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Rather disagree | 115 (6.2) | 83 (6.9) | 32 (4.9) |
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Not agree/not disagree | 577 (31.2) | 449 (37.4) | 128 (19.7) |
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Rather agree | 534 (28.9) | 311 (25.9) | 223 (34.4) |
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Agree | 470 (25.4) | 235 (19.6) | 235 (36.2) |
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Through the app, you should be able to receive general information on the spread of the coronavirus (eg, weekly averages of infections, hospitalizations, and deaths) | ||||||||||||||
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Response score, mean (SD) | N/A | 3.16 (1.33) | 4.04 (1.13) | –14.91 (1527) | <.001 | 0.69 | |||||||
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Response, n (%) | |||||||||||||
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Not agree | 254 (13.7) | 226 (18.8) | 28 (4.3) |
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Rather disagree | 108 (5.8) | 76 (6.3) | 32 (4.9) |
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Not agree/not disagree | 541 (29.2) | 405 (33.7) | 136 (21.0) |
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Rather agree | 411 (22.2) | 265 (22.1) | 146 (22.5) |
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Agree | 536 (29.0) | 229 (19.1) | 307 (47.3) |
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Through the app, you should be able to make an appointment to be tested for the coronavirus | ||||||||||||||
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Response score, mean (SD) | N/A | 3.47 (1.23) | 4.20 (1.03) | –13.33 (1579) | <.001 | 0.64 | |||||||
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Response, n (%) | |||||||||||||
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Not agree | 176 (9.5) | 154 (12.8) | 22 (3.4) |
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Rather disagree | 90 (4.9) | 62 (5.2) | 28 (4.3) |
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Not agree/not disagree | 416 (22.5) | 342 (28.5) | 74 (11.4) |
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Rather agree | 553 (29.9) | 351 (29.2) | 202 (31.1) |
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Agree | 615 (33.2) | 292 (24.3) | 323 (49.8) |
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Through the app, you should be able to get in contact with a health professional to ask advice related to the coronavirus | ||||||||||||||
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Response score, mean (SD) | N/A | 3.29 (1.30) | 3.97 (1.19) | –11.43 (1438) | <.001 | 0.54 | |||||||
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Response, n (%) | |||||||||||||
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Not agree | 230 (12.4) | 190 (15.8) | 40 (6.2) |
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Rather disagree | 124 (6.7) | 79 (6.6) | 45 (6.9) |
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Not agree/not disagree | 465 (25.1) | 374 (31.1) | 91 (14.0) |
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Rather agree | 499 (27.0) | 310 (25.8) | 189 (29.1) |
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Agree | 532 (28.8) | 248 (20.6) | 284 (43.8) |
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| Control and access | |||||||||||||||
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Public authorities should be able to follow the whereabouts of people who are infected with the coronavirus | ||||||||||||||
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Response score, mean (SD) | N/A | 2.63 (1.36) | 3.30 (1.56) | –9.20 (1179) | <.001 | 0.47 | |||||||
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Response, n (%) | |||||||||||||
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Not agree | 533 (28.8) | 388 (32.3) | 145 (22.3) |
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Rather disagree | 166 (9.0) | 98 (8.2) | 68 (10.5) |
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Not agree/not disagree | 516 (27.9) | 419 (34.9) | 97 (14.9) |
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Rather agree | 281 (15.2) | 157 (13.1) | 124 (19.1) |
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Agree | 354 (19.1) | 139 (11.6) | 215 (33.1) |
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The organizer of an event should be able to require participants to show through the Coronalert app on their smartphone that they were not in contact with someone who is infected with the coronavirus | ||||||||||||||
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Response score, mean (SD) | N/A | 2.74 (1.33) | 3.47 (1.43) | –10.73 (1248) | <.001 | 0.53 | |||||||
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Response, n (%) | |||||||||||||
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Not agree | 427 (23.1) | 332 (27.6) | 95 (14.6) |
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Rather disagree | 205 (11.1) | 124 (10.3) | 81 (12.5) |
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Not agree/not disagree | 529 (28.6) | 414 (34.5) | 115 (17.7) |
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Rather agree | 334 (18.1) | 191 (15.9) | 143 (22.0) |
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Agree | 355 (19.2) | 140 (11.7) | 215 (33.1) |
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An employer should be able to require employees to show through the Coronalert app on their smartphone that they were not in contact with someone who is infected with the coronavirus | ||||||||||||||
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Response score, mean (SD) | N/A | 2.60 (1.32) | 3.32 (1.45) | –10.55 (1225) | <.001 | 0.53 | |||||||
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Response, n (%) | |||||||||||||
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Not agree | 499 (27.0) | 382 (31.8) | 117 (18.0) |
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Rather disagree | 193 (10.4) | 122 (10.2) | 71 (10.9) |
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Not agree/not disagree | 553 (29.9) | 414 (34.5) | 139 (21.4) |
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Rather agree | 297 (16.1) | 165 (13.7) | 132 (20.3) |
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Agree | 308 (16.6) | 118 (9.8) | 190 (29.3) |
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A school should be able to require students to show through the Coronalert app on their smartphone that they were not in contact with someone who is infected with the coronavirus | ||||||||||||||
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Response score, mean (SD) | N/A | 2.70 (1.37) | 3.46 (1.43) | –11.06 (1282) | <.001 | 0.55 | |||||||
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Response, n (%) | |||||||||||||
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Not agree | 461 (24.9) | 366 (30.5) | 95 (14.6) |
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Rather disagree | 197 (10.6) | 113 (9.4) | 84 (12.9) |
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Not agree/not disagree | 510 (27.6) | 397 (33.1) | 113 (17.4) |
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Rather agree | 309 (16.7) | 167 (13.9) | 142 (21.9) |
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Agree | 373 (20.2) | 158 (13.2) | 215 (33.1) |
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aMean scores were calculated for nonusers and users of the app separately.
bN/A: not applicable; mean scores were not calculated for the entire sample.
cThis value was calculated using the mean scores for users and nonusers of the app and not the frequencies of individual responses.