Table 5.

Selected R packages and functions for mixed-effects modeling and statistical inference.

Package name	Functions related to mixed-effect modeling
nlme	lme: fit a linear mixed-effects model
lme4	lmer: fit a linear mixed-effects model glmm: fit a generalized linear mixed-effects model
brms	It can conduct Bayesian mixed-effects modeling.
lmerTest	It can perform hypothesis testing on fixed and random effects based on models from lme4::lmer.
emmeans	It can provide adjusted p-values for pairwise and treatments versus control comparisons.
pbkrtest	It can perform the F test (Kenward-Roger and Satterthwaite-type), and parametric bootstrap test.
car	car::Anova provides large-ample Wald test or F test with Kenward-Roger denominator degrees of freedom.
sjPlot	It can provide visualization and create manuscript-style tables.