Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| First author (year) | Period of data collection | Duration of data collection (months) | Location name | Type of location | Type of care delivered by hospital | Country name (number of sites within the country) | Country classification | Case definition of pneumonia | Samples | Testing method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdelkhalig (2015)21 | Nov 2011 to Feb 2012 | 4 | Khartoum | unclear | tertiary | Sudan (1) | low income | clinical signs | blood | coagulase test |
| Adegbola (1994)24 | Nov 1990 to Oct 1992 | 24 | Banjul | unclear | primary | The Gambia (1) | low income | Clinical and radiological evidence of pneumonia | blood, lung, and pleural fluid | standard culture |
| Asghar (2008)23 | Aug 2000 to Apr 2004 | 45 | Dhaka, Guayaquil, Chandigarh, Mexico City, Multan and Rawalpindi, Sana'a, Lusaka | urban | tertiary | Bangladesh (1), Ecuador (1), India (1), Mexico (1), Pakistan (2), Yemen (1), Zambia (1) | mixed | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood, cerebrospinal fluid | standard culture |
| Bahl (1995)24 | Sep 1991 to Jul 1992 | 11 | New Delhi | unclear | unclear | India (1) | lower middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standard culture |
| Baqui (2007)25 | Jul 1999 to Jun 2001 | 24 | Matlab | rural | tertiary | Bangladesh (1) | lower middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standard culture |
| Bari (2014)26 | Jan 2010 to Dec 2012 | 36 | Lahore | unclear | unclear | Pakistan (1) | lower middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standard culture |
| Barrett (2016)27 | 2002 to 2011 | ≈120 | Beer-Sheva | unclear | unclear | Israel (1) | high income | WHO radiographic criteria of pneumonia (primary endpoint pneumonia) | blood | standard culture |
| Bautista-Marquez (2013)28 | Mar 2010 to Jun 2011 | 16 | 8 sentinel hospitals in 4 states | unclear | unclear | Mexico (8) | upper middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood, CSF, bronchial aspirate, synovial fluid, pleural fluid | standard culture |
| Benet (2017)29 | May 2010 to March 2014 | 47 | Phnom Penh, Beijing, Port au Prince, Pune, Lucknow, Antananarivo, Bamako, Ulaanbaatar, San Lorenzo | mixed | unclear | Cambodia (1), China (1), Haiti (1), India (2), Madagascar (1), Mali (1), Mongolia (1), and Paraguay (1) | mixed | WHO case definition of pneumonia and radiological evidence of pneumonia | blood | standard culture, PCR |
| Benet (2017)30 | May 2010 to June 2014 | 50 | Phnom Penh, Beijing, Port au Prince, Pune, Lucknow, Antananarivo, Bamako, Ulaanbaatar, San Lorenzo | mixed | unclear | Cambodia (1), China (1), Haiti (1), India (2), Madagascar (1), Mali (1), Mongolia (1), and Paraguay (1) | mixed | WHO case definition of pneumonia and radiological evidence of pneumonia | blood | standard culture, PCR |
| Camacho-Moreno, G. (2021)51 | January 2016 to December 2016 | 12 | Bogota | unclear | tertiary | Columbia | upper middle income | clinical signs and chest X-ray showing a radiological pattern compatible with bacterial pneumonia | blood | standard culture |
| Capeding (1994)31 | Apr 1990 to Dec 1992 | 33 | Muntinlupa | unclear | unclear | Phillippines (1) | lower middle income | clinical signs | blood | standard culture |
| Champatiray (2017)32 | Sep 2013 to Aug 2014 | 12 | Cuttack | unclear | unclear | India (1) | lower middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standard culture |
| Ekalaksananan (2001)33 | Aug 1992 to Nov 1994 | 28 | Khon Kaen | unclear | unclear | Thailand (1) | upper middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standard culture |
| El Mdaghri (2012)34 | Sep 2007 to Aug 2008 | 12 | Casablanca | unclear | unclear | Morocco (1) | lower middle income | WHO radiographic criteria of pneumonia (primary endpoint pneumonia) | blood, lung, and pleural fluid | standardised automated culture methods |
| Hammitt (2012)35 | Jan 2010 to Dec 2010 | 12 | Kilifi | rural | unclear | Kenya (1) | lower middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standardised automated culture methods |
| Hasan (2006)36 | Oct 1993 to Sep 1994 | 12 | 10 villages of Mirzapur | rural | unclear | Bangladesh (10) | lower middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standard culture |
| Hijazi (1997)37 | Aug 1993 to Jun 1994 | 11 | Jabriya | unclear | unclear | Kuwait (1) | high income | clinical signs | blood | standard culture |
| Howie (2014)18 | 2007 to 2009 | ≈36 | Fajara, Banjul, Fajikunda, Serekunda, and Brikama | unclear | unclear | The Gambia (5) | low income | WHO case definition of pneumonia and radiological evidence of pneumonia | blood; lung/ pleural aspirate | PCR; standard culture1 |
| Jakhar (2017)38 | Oct 2012 to Sep 2013 | 12 | Delhi | urban | unclear | India (1) | lower middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standard culture |
| Kurade (2018)39 | November 2013 to May 2015 | 19 | Western India | unclear | tertiary | India (1) | lower middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | induced sputum | standard culture |
| Madhi (2000)40 | Mar 1997 to Feb 1998 | 12 | Soweto | urban | tertiary | South Africa (1) | upper middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standardised automated culture methods |
| Moreno (2006)41 | Jul 2002 to Dec 2003 | 18 | Co´rdoba | unclear | tertiary | Argentina (1) | upper middle income | with clinical and radiological pneumonia and with a positive culture for a bacterial pathogen or a positive latex agglutination test in pleural fluid | blood and pleural fluid | standardised automated culture methods |
| Nantanda (2008)19 | Dec 2005 to Mar 2006 | 4 | Kampala | urban and peri‑urban | tertiary | Uganda (1) | low income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood; induced sputum | standard culture |
| Nathan (2020)20 | Oct 2014 to Oct 2016 | 25 | Kuala Lumpur | urban | tertiary | Malaysia (1) | upper middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood; induced sputum | PCR |
| Ngocho (2020)42 | Jan 2017 to Dec 2017 | 12 | Moshi municipality | unclear | unclear | Tanzania (1) | lower middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standardised automated culture methods |
| Onipede (2009)43 | Oct 2005 to Dec 2006 | 15 | Ile-Ife | unclear | tertiary | Nigeria (1) | lower middle income | clinical signs | blood | coagulase test |
| PERCH (2019)50 | Aug 2011 to Jan 2014 | 41 | Basse, Bamako, Lusaka, Soweto, Kilifi, Dhaka and Matlab, Nakhon Phanom and Sa Kaeo | mixed | unclear | The Gambia (1), Mali (1), Zambia (1), South Africa (1), Kenya (1), Bangladesh (2), Thailand (2) | mixed | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standard culture |
| Schwarz (2010)44 | Sep 2007 to Jul 2009 | 23 | Ashanti Region | unclear | unclear | Ghana (1) | lower middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standardised automated culture methods |
| Sigau´que (2009)45 | Mar 2004 to Mar 2006 | 35 | Manhica | rural | tertiary | Mozambique (1) | low income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standardised automated culture methods |
| Thea (2017)46 | Aug 2011 to Jan 2014 | 30 | Basse, Bamako, Lusaka, Soweto, Kilifi, Dhaka and Matlab, Nakhon Phanom and Sa Kaeo | mixed | unclear | The Gambia (1), Mali (1), Zambia (1), South Africa (1), Kenya (1), Bangladesh (2), Thailand (2) | mixed | WHO definition of pneumonia | induced sputum | PCR |
| Vasconcellos (2020)47 | 2003- 2005 | ≈36 | Salvador | unclear | unclear | Brazil (1) | upper middle income | Clinical and radiological evidence of pneumonia | blood | standardised automated culture methods |
| Wang (2008)48 | Oct 2004 to May 2005 | 8 | Beijing | unclear | unclear | China (1) | upper middle income | Clinical and radiological evidence of pneumonia | blood | standard culture |
| Yadav (2021)52 | March 2016 to August 2017 | 18 | Etawah | rural | tertiary | India (1) | lower middle income | WHO definition of pneumonia | blood | standard culture |
| Zhao (2018)49 | Oct 2016-Feb 2018 | 17 | Guangdong | urban | tertiary | China (1) | upper middle | Clinical and radiological evidence of pneumonia | bronchoalveolar lavage fluid | standard culture and PCR |
1
blood subjected to PCR and lung/ pleural aspirate subjected to standard culture.