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. 2022 Jan 17;12:836. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-04824-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Scheme of the studied immobilization approaches for anti-CRP antibodies. Left: Biotinylated anti-CRP antibodies are attached to the gold surface by thiolated streptavidin. Right: After a surface modification by a self-assembled monolayer of MUA, EDC chemistry is utilized to attach unmodified anti-CRP antibodies. The inset shows the decrease of the sensor signal with increasing surface distance for layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition with charged polyelectrolyte (PEL) bilayers.