Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants
| Male (n = 5) | Female (n = 10) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | years | 40.0 ± 13.7 | 59.1 ± 7.4 | 0.032* |
| BMI | kg/m2 | 28.0 ± 4.4 | 27.6 ± 2.8 | 0.858 |
| †Rate of obesity | % (n) | 80 (4) | 90 (9) | 0.591 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| T2DM | % (n) | 20 (1) | 50 (5) | 0.264 |
| Hypertension | % (n) | 60 (3) | 60 (6) | 1.000 |
| Dyslipidemia | % (n) | 100 (5) | 50 (5) | 0.053 |
| Hyperuricemia | % (n) | 20 (1) | 10 (1) | 0.591 |
| GERD | % (n) | 20 (1) | 10 (1) | 0.591 |
| A history of receiving nutritional councelling | % (n) | 40 (2) | 40 (4) | 1.000 |
| Lifestyle habits | ||||
| Smoking | % (n) | 20 (1) | 30 (3) | 0.680 |
| Number of family members | n | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 0.759 |
| Cooking for myself | % (n) | 20 (1) | 100 (10) | 0.001* |
| Menopause (only females) | % (n) | — | 80 (8) | — |
Values for age, BMI, and number of family members are presented as mean ± SD. The relationships between sexes were assessed using the non-paired t test for normally distributed data and the Mann–Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data. The rates were compared between the sexes using the chi-square test. †Percentage of patients with a BMI over 25.0 kg/m2. *p<0.05. BMI, body mass index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; GERD, gastro-esophageal reflux disease.