Table 3.
Risk factors for low back pain in the study population.
| Univariate | Multivariate a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pilot category | Variables | β | OR (95% CI) | p-value | β | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
| Total cohort | Irregular strength training | 0.508 | 0.602 (0.319–1.137) | 0.118 | |||
| Neck pain | 1.296 | 3.656 (1.925–6.943) | <0.001 | 1.269 | 3.559 (1.827–6.934) | <0.001 | |
| Upper back pain | 1.237 | 3.445 (1.313–9.037) | 0.012 | ||||
| Side bridge endurance | −0.010 | 0.990 (0.978–1.001) | 0.080 | ||||
| TrA activation | −0.996 | 0.381 (0.197–0.736) | 0.004 | −1.060 | 0.346 (0.172–0.698) | 0.003 | |
| Hip strength | |||||||
| Extensors | −2.402 | 0.090 (0.005–1.747) | 0.112 | ||||
| Internal rotators | −7.343 | 0.001 (0.000–0.251) | 0.016 | ||||
| External rotators | −7.477 | 0.001 (0.000–0.300) | 0.019 | −7.131 | 0.001 (0.000–0.563) | 0.033 | |
| Fighter pilots | Age | 0.247 | 1.050 (0.983–1.121) | 0.149 | |||
| BMI ≥ 24 | 0.575 | 1.776 (0.804–3.922) | 0.155 | ||||
| Total flying hours | 0.775 | 1.000 (1.000–1.001) | 0.174 | ||||
| High–weekly-hour | 1.053 | 2.867 (1.293–6.355) | 0.009 | 1.358 | 3.889 (1.490–10.149) | 0.006 | |
| Irregular core muscle training | 0.523 | 0.593 (0.274–1.284) | 0.185 | ||||
| Neck pain | 1.390 | 4.014 (1.724–9.346) | 0.001 | 1.277 | 3.586 (1.365–9.418) | 0.010 | |
| Upper back pain | 1.431 | 4.182 (1.175–14.889) | 0.027 | ||||
| TrA activation | −1.057 | 0.347 (0.141–0.857) | 0.022 | −1.316 | 0.268 (0.094–0.765) | 0.014 | |
| Hip strength | |||||||
| Extensors | −5.149 | 0.006 (0.000–0.613) | 0.030 | ||||
| Internal rotators | −11.038 | 0.000 (0.000–0.081) | 0.011 | ||||
| External rotators | −12.648 | 0.008 (0.000–0.038) | 0.008 | −11.032 | 0.000 (0.000–0.949) | 0.049 | |
| Helicopter pilots | Height | −0.107 | 0.898 (0.779–1.037) | 0.143 | |||
| BMI ≥ 24 | 0.916 | 2.500 (0.766–8.160) | 0.129 | ||||
| Irregular strength training | −2.409 | 0.090 (0.010–0.782) | 0.029 | −3.317 | 0.036 (0.003–0.507) | 0.014 | |
| Flexor endurance test | −0.011 | 0.989 (0.976–1.002) | 0.098 | ||||
| Hip internal rotator strength | 12.110 | 0.000 (0.000–0.618) | 0.125 | 20.386 | 0.000 (0.000–0.042) | 0.020 | |
| Transport pilots | High-weekly-hour | −0.985 | 0.373 (0.103–1.352) | 0.133 | |||
| Neck pain | 1.859 | 6.417 (1.424–28.909) | 0.016 | 1.859 | 6.417 (1.424–28.909) | 0.016 | |
| TrA activation | −0.853 | 0.426 (0.103–1.767) | 0.240 | ||||
a
Adjusted for age and total flying time.
Adjusted R2 of the total cohort = 0.412; adjusted R2 of fighter pilots = 0.319; adjusted R2 of helicopter pilots = 0.183; adjusted R2 of transport pilots = 0.194.