Table 3.

Associations of age at the final menstrual period and key covariates with fracture risk

	Hazard ratio for incident fracture (95% CI)	P-value
Age at FMP, years	0.95 (0.91, 0.99)	0.02
Race/ethnicity
Black	0.55 (0.46, 0.75)	0.0002
Chinese	0.73 (0.41, 1.31)	0.2
Hispanic	0.50 (0.22, 1.14)	0.1
Japanese	0.47 (0.27, 0.84)	0.01
White	Reference
Fracture before age 40, yes/no	1.62 (1.17, 2.23)	0.003
Diabetes status, yes/no	1.81 (1.14, 2.89)	0.01

Associations were determined by Cox proportional hazards regression with time to first fracture as the outcome and age at FMP as primary predictor. The model was adjusted for race/ethnicity, BMI, history of fracture before age 40, cigarette use, alcohol intake, diabetes status, exposure to bone-beneficial or bone-detrimental medications and/or vitamin D or calcium supplementation, and study site. Bone-beneficial medications included hormone therapy, calcitonin, calcitriol, bisphosphonates, denosumab, and parathyroid hormone. Bone-detrimental medications included oral or injectable glucocorticoids, aromatase inhibitors, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, or anti-epileptic medications.

Abbreviation: FMP, final menstrual period.