Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics according to the incidence of severe diabetic eye disease
| All | Normo- and microalbuminuria | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SDED (−) | SDED (+) | P-value | SDED (−) | SDED (+) | P-value | |
| n (%) | 2582 (74.4) | 886 (25.6) | 2380 (75.7) | 766 (24.3) | ||
| Women, % | 52.8 | 46.5 | <0.01 | 53.5 | 46.7 | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 35.4 (26.6-45.8) | 32.4 (23.9-43.5) | <0.0001 | 35.1 (26.4-44.9) | 31.4 (23.4-43.2) | <0.0001 |
| Age at onset of diabetes, years | 18.0 (11.5-27.4) | 14.2 (8.8-24.8) | <0.0001 | 18.1 (11.6-27.2) | 14.1 (8.8-25.1) | <0.0001 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 14.8 (7.4-23.7) | 15.9 (10.4-22.3) | <0.0001 | 14.4 (7.3-23.3) | 15.2 (10.0-21.3) | 0.06 |
| Height, cm | 171.5 ± 9.4 | 171.4 ± 9.3 | 0.68 | 171.5 ± 9.4 | 171.5 ± 9.2 | 0.68 |
| Weight, kg | 72.3 (63.9-81.3) | 74.5 (64.6-83.0) | <0.01 | 73.2 ± 13.0 | 74.4 ± 13.0 | 0.02 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.5 (22.5-26.6) | 25.0 (22.7-27.6) | <0.0001 | 24.4 (22.5-26.5) | 25.0 (22.5-27.5) | <0.001 |
| WHR | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | <0.0001 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | <0.0001 |
| WHtR | 0.48 (0.45-0.52) | 0.49 (0.46-0.54) | <0.0001 | 0.48 (0.45-0.52) | 0.49 (0.46-0.53) | <0.0001 |
| WC, cm | 83.0 (76.0-90.0) | 85.0 (78.0-93.5) | <0.0001 | 83.0 (76.0-90.0) | 85.0 (78.0-93.0) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.9 ± 1.29 | 9.2 ± 1.61 | <0.0001 | 7.93 ± 1.29 | 9.16 ± 1.60 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 130 ± 16 | 132 ± 16 | <0.0001 | 128 (118-138) | 130 (120-140) | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78±9 | 80 ± 9 | <0.0001 | 78 (71-84) | 80 (74-86) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.74 ± 0.91 | 5.00 ± 0.95 | <0.0001 | 4.65 (4.10-5.24) | 4.90 (4.31-5.55) | <0.0001 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.41 ± 0.40 | 1.32 ± 0.38 | <0.0001 | 1.37 (1.14-1.64) | 1.27 (1.07-1.55) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.93 (0.70-1.28) | 1.12 (0.85-1.55) | <0.0001 | 0.91 (0.70-1.27) | 1.11 (0.83-1.51) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 101 (86-114) | 100 (84-115) | 0.28 | 100 ± 19 | 101 ± 20 | 0.21 |
| Diabetic nephropathy stages, % | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Normoalbuminuria | 85.8 | 70.0 | 93.0 | 80.9 | ||
| Microalbuminuria | 6.4 | 16.5 | 7.0 | 19.1 | ||
| Macroalbuminuria | 2.8 | 8.5 | - | - | ||
| Nonclassified | 5.0 | 5.1 | - | - | ||
| Any retinopathy except SDED, % | 26.9 | 42.9 | <0.0001 | 26.1 | 40.6 | <0.0001 |
| Lipid-lowering medication, % | 8.4 | 7.9 | 0.16 | 7.7 | 6.3 | 0.20 |
| Smoking history yes, % | 42.6 | 50.4 | <0.001 | 41.8 | 48.9 | <0.001 |
Data on categorical variables are presented as frequencies; continuous variables are presented as means ± SD for normally distributed values and otherwise as medians (interquartile range). Between-group comparisons were performed with χ 2 test, t-test, and Mann-Whitney test, respectively.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SDED, severe diabetic eye disease; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-height ratio.