Table 3.

Concordance and Discordance between Qualitative and Quantitative Data in Older Adults, with Illustrative Quotes (n = 36).

Sleep group	Construct	Overall	Concordant group	Discordant group
Good	Napping/resting
	N (%)	19 (100%)	13 (68.4%)	6 (31.6%)
	Mean ± SD	175.81 ± 92.84	202.22 ± 94.76	109.934 ± 43.16
	Qualitative exemplar		“. . .I’m home, and I’m bored. . . I may nap during the day.”	“I never take a nap. . . if I get. . .tired or something I’ll do something.”
	Daytime sleepiness (ESS)
	N (%)	19 (100%)	16 (87.5%)	3 (12.5%)
	Mean ± SD	6.68 ± 4.07	5.82 ± 3.26	13.00 ± 2.65
	Qualitative exemplar		“I’m not tired at all.”	“I feel rested.”
Poor	Napping/resting
	N (%)	17 (100%)	11 (64.7%)	6 (35.3%)
	Mean ± SD	144.4 ± 79.90	139.58 ± 67.39	153.24 ± 105.84
	Qualitative exemplar		“During the course of the day. . . because I have not slept concretely. . . I tend to doze off.”	“No. I can’t take no nap. I gotta go to sleep next night.
	Daytime sleepiness (ESS)
	N (%)	17 (100%)	7 (41.2%)	10 (59.8%)
	Mean ± SD	9.29 ± 6.52	15.86 ± 4.18	4.70 ± 2.63
	Qualitative exemplar		“My body be tired.”	“It’s a very seldom during the day that I feel sleepy. It’s. . .very rare that I would take a nap.”

Note. Concordance for daytime function refers to good sleepers who have no reported daytime sleepiness and poor sleepers with daytime sleepiness. Concordance for naps refers to those that said they napped on interview and had evidence of napping on actigraphy.