Table 1.
Summary of main cross-species interactions in biofilms.
| Species involved in interaction | Interaction type | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cooperation/synergy | F. nucleatum and Clostridioides difficile | Coaggregation: adhesin RadD on F. nucleatum with flagella on C. difficile | Engevik et al., 2021 |
| P. gingivalis and S. gordonii | Coaggregation: Mfa1 protein on short fimbriae of P. gingivalis with the SspB polypeptide on S. gordonii surface | Park et al., 2005; Kuboniwa et al., 2006 | |
| S. oralis and P. gingivalis | Coaggregation: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of S. oralis with P. gingivalis fimbriae | Maeda et al., 2004 | |
| S. gordonii and V. parvula | Coaggregation interaction involves oxidative stress-related processes and carbohydrate metabolism | Mutha et al., 2019 | |
| 29 species of bacteria and 1 fungal species were evaluated | Coaggregation often mediated by interaction between lectin and saccharide | Stevens et al., 2015 | |
| Acinetobacter sp. strain C6 and P. putida | Metabolic interactions: P. putida uses benzoate from Acinetobacter sp. strain C6 | Hansen et al., 2007 | |
| Streptococcus gordonii and Veillonella atypica | Metabolic interactions: S. gordonii produces lactic acid that is used by V. atypica | Egland et al., 2004 | |
| F. nucleatum with P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia | QS: AI-2 produced by F. nucleatum promotes the growth of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia | Jang et al., 2013 | |
| 2 bacterial strains from soil and P. fluorescens | Volatiles (benzonitrile and dimethyldisulfide) produced by Collimonas pratensis and Serratia plymuthica stimulate P. fluorescens growth | Garbeva et al., 2014 | |
| Bacillus subtilis and P. aeruginosa | Electrical signals generated by B. subtilis biofilm can attract P. aeruginosa | Humphries et al., 2017 | |
| Competition/antagonism | Brevibacillus sp. M1-5 and Pseudoxanthomonas sp. M1-3 | Competition for oxygen The growth of facultative aerobe Pseudoxanthomonas sp. M1-3 suppresses the viability of Brevibacillus sp. M1-5 |
Yamamoto et al., 2010 |
| K. pneumoniae and E. coli | Competition for iron where K. pneumoniae grows better than E. coli | Juarez and Galván, 2018 | |
| S. gordonii, S. sanguinis, and S. mutans | S. gordonii and S. sanguinis produce H2O2 to inhibit S. mutans | Kreth et al., 2008 |