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. 2022 Jan 4;12:814113. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.814113

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Copyright © 2022 Golenkina, Galkina, Pletjushkina, Chernyak, Gaponova, Romanova and Sud’ina.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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SCHEME 1 — Signal self-amplification to stimulate neutrophil swarming. (A) Pioneer PMNLs meet fMLP and move to bacteria. (B) PMNLs meet bacteria and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including formyl-methionyl peptides. The leukotriene synthesis is accelerated, and neutrophils swarm at site of infection. (C) If neutrophils succeed to surround pathogens (at low bacteria to PMNLs ratio), then after formation LTB₄ is successfully transformed into ω-OH-LTB₄. (D) When neutrophils meet pathogen clusters (high bacteria to PMNs ratio), LTB₄ produced practically is not transformed to ω-OH-LTB₄, and accumulated LTB₄ signals for further neutrophil swarming.